{"id":2366,"date":"2025-08-27T06:11:37","date_gmt":"2025-08-27T06:11:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ketetransformer.com\/?post_type=product&#038;p=2366"},"modified":"2025-09-29T07:56:17","modified_gmt":"2025-09-29T07:56:17","slug":"10kv-35kv-sh11-on-load-tap-changing-distribution-transformer","status":"publish","type":"product","link":"https:\/\/www.ketetransformer.com\/fr\/products\/10kv-35kv-sh11-on-load-tap-changing-distribution-transformer\/","title":{"rendered":"Transformateur de distribution \u00e0 prise en charge SZ11 de 10 kV"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"product-post\" data-elementor-id=\"2366\" class=\"elementor elementor-2366\" data-elementor-post-type=\"product\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11e38e9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"11e38e9\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3df9cea e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"3df9cea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;start&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"64986346\" aria-label=\"Onglets. Ouvrez des \u00e9l\u00e9ments avec Entrer ou Espace, fermez-les avec Echape et naviguez \u00e0 l&#039;aide des touches fl\u00e9ch\u00e9es.\" data-no-translation-aria-label=\"\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-649863461\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-649863461\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tBr\u00e8ve pr\u00e9sentation\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-649863462\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-649863462\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFonctionnalit\u00e9\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-649863463\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-649863463\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tStructure\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-649863464\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-649863464\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCaract\u00e9ristiques techniques\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-649863465\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-649863465\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tSch\u00e9ma\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-649863466\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-649863466\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 6;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFAQ\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-649863461\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-649863461\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-63d4ba4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"63d4ba4\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76c97e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"76c97e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Br\u00e8ve pr\u00e9sentation<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-40fb5fa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"40fb5fa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u2160<\/strong><strong>.Br\u00e8ve pr\u00e9sentation<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>1.<\/strong><strong>Normes :<\/strong> IEC 60076, GB\/T 1094, GB\/T 25446-2010<\/p><p><strong>2.<\/strong><strong>Puissance nominale :<\/strong> 200 kVA - 2 500 kVA<\/p><p><strong>3.<\/strong><strong>Tension primaire :<\/strong> 10 kV<\/p><p><strong>4.<\/strong><strong>Tension secondaire :<\/strong> 0,4 kV ou selon les besoins<\/p><p><strong>5. Mode de r\u00e9gulation de tension :<\/strong> Changement de prise sous charge<\/p><p><strong>6. Fr\u00e9quence :<\/strong> 50 Hz ou 60 Hz<\/p><p><strong>7.<\/strong><strong>Type :<\/strong> Transformateur \u00e9lectrique triphas\u00e9<\/p><p><strong>8.<\/strong><strong>Type de connexion :<\/strong> Dyn11, Yyn0 ou selon les sp\u00e9cifications du client<\/p><p><strong>9. Indice d'isolation :<\/strong>A<\/p><p><strong>10. M\u00e9thode de refroidissement : <\/strong>ONAN<\/p><p><strong>\u2161<\/strong><strong>.Conditions de travail<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>1.<\/strong><strong>Temp\u00e9rature ambiante :<\/strong> Pas plus de +40 \u00b0C, pas moins de -25 \u00b0C ; la temp\u00e9rature moyenne mensuelle ne d\u00e9passe pas +30 \u00b0C ; la temp\u00e9rature moyenne annuelle ne d\u00e9passe pas +20 \u00b0C<\/p><p><strong>2.<\/strong><strong>Altitude :<\/strong> Pas plus de 1 000 m.<\/p><p><strong>3.<\/strong><strong>Humidit\u00e9 relative de l'air :<\/strong>\u226490%<\/p><p><strong>4.<\/strong><strong>lieu d'installation :<\/strong> Environnement propre et stable, respect des exigences en mati\u00e8re de distance de s\u00e9curit\u00e9, dissipation thermique et ventilation suffisantes<\/p><p><strong>5. Champ d'application :<\/strong> Les transformateurs \u00e0 prise sous charge sont largement utilis\u00e9s dans des domaines tels que le transport d'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9, les r\u00e9seaux de distribution et les \u00e9nergies renouvelables. Dans le cadre du transport d'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 sur de longues distances, ils permettent d'ajuster la tension afin d'assurer la stabilit\u00e9 de l'alimentation ; dans les r\u00e9seaux de distribution urbains ou industriels, ils r\u00e9gulent automatiquement la tension en fonction des variations de charge ; lorsque des sources d'\u00e9nergie renouvelables, telles que l'\u00e9nergie \u00e9olienne et solaire, sont raccord\u00e9es au r\u00e9seau \u00e9lectrique, ils r\u00e9agissent rapidement aux variations du r\u00e9seau et garantissent un approvisionnement stable en \u00e9lectricit\u00e9.<\/p><p><strong>\u2162.<\/strong><strong>Essais sur les transformateurs \u00e0 changement de prise en charge<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>1.<\/strong><strong>Essais en usine (v\u00e9rification de base au cours de la fabrication)<\/strong><\/p><p>Les essais en usine sont des essais obligatoires qui doivent \u00eatre effectu\u00e9s avant que le transformateur ne quitte l'usine. Ils permettent de s'assurer que le produit est conforme aux normes de conception et aux accords techniques, et comprennent notamment :<\/p><p>\u2460Essais d'isolation : mesure de la r\u00e9sistance d'isolation, facteur de perte di\u00e9lectrique (tan\u03b4)<\/p><p>\u2461mesure, essai de r\u00e9sistance \u00e0 la tension appliqu\u00e9e, essai de r\u00e9sistance \u00e0 la tension induite.<\/p><p>\u2462Mesure de la r\u00e9sistance en courant continu des enroulements.<\/p><p>\u2463 Test du rapport de transformation.<\/p><p>\u2464Test du groupe de raccordement.<\/p><p>Essais sp\u00e9cifiques aux changeurs de prises en charge : essai de fonctionnement m\u00e9canique, mesure de la r\u00e9sistance de transition, mesure du temps de commutation.<\/p><p><strong>2.<\/strong><strong>Essais de type (\u00e9valuation compl\u00e8te des performances des nouveaux produits ou des am\u00e9liorations majeures)<\/strong><\/p><p>\u2460 Essai d'\u00e9l\u00e9vation de temp\u00e9rature.<\/p><p>\u2461 Essai de r\u00e9sistance aux courts-circuits.<\/p><p>\u2462 Essai d'impulsion de foudre.<\/p><p>\u2463Essai d'impulsion de fonctionnement.<\/p><p>\u2464Mesure du niveau sonore.<\/p><p>\u2465 Mesure de l'imp\u00e9dance de s\u00e9quence z\u00e9ro.<\/p><p><strong>3.<\/strong><strong>Essais de r\u00e9ception sur site (v\u00e9rification avant mise en service apr\u00e8s installation)<\/strong><\/p><p>\u2460 Contr\u00f4le de l'aspect ext\u00e9rieur et des accessoires.<\/p><p>\u2461 Contr\u00f4le d'isolation.<\/p><p>\u2462Essai de fonctionnement sur site du changeur de prises en charge.<\/p><p>\u2463 Contr\u00f4le de la qualit\u00e9 de l'huile.<\/p><p>\u2464Essai du syst\u00e8me de refroidissement.<\/p><p><strong>4.<\/strong><strong>Contr\u00f4les pr\u00e9ventifs (entretien r\u00e9gulier et d\u00e9tection pendant le fonctionnement)<\/strong><\/p><p>\u2460 Essai sur l'huile isolante.<\/p><p>\u2461Mesure de la r\u00e9sistance d'isolement des enroulements et des pertes di\u00e9lectriques.<\/p><p>\u2462Contr\u00f4le de l'\u00e9tat du changeur de prises en charge.<\/p><p>\u2463Essai des caract\u00e9ristiques m\u00e9caniques.<\/p><p>\u2464 Contr\u00f4le de l'usure des pi\u00e8ces de contact.<\/p><p>\u2465Mesure du courant de mise \u00e0 la terre du noyau.<\/p><p>\u2466D\u00e9tection par imagerie thermique infrarouge.<\/p><p>Les essais sp\u00e9cifiques aux changeurs de prises en charge (fonctionnement m\u00e9canique, r\u00e9sistance de transition, caract\u00e9ristiques de commutation) constituent les \u00e9l\u00e9ments essentiels des essais qui les distinguent des transformateurs classiques.<\/p><p><strong>\u2163<\/strong><strong>.Inspection des composants d'un transformateur \u00e0 changement de prise en charge<\/strong><\/p><p>Les transformateurs sous charge (transformateurs \u00e9quip\u00e9s d'un changeur de prises en charge) constituent des \u00e9quipements essentiels dans les r\u00e9seaux \u00e9lectriques. L'inspection de leurs composants doit porter sur deux \u00e9l\u00e9ments principaux : le transformateur lui-m\u00eame et le changeur de prises en charge (OLTC), ainsi que sur les syst\u00e8mes auxiliaires. Vous trouverez ci-dessous une classification d\u00e9taill\u00e9e et une explication du contenu de l'inspection des composants :<\/p><p><strong>1.<\/strong><strong>Inspection des composants principaux du corps du transformateur<\/strong><\/p><p>Le corps du transformateur est au c\u0153ur de la conversion de l'\u00e9nergie \u00e9lectrique ; il convient donc de porter une attention particuli\u00e8re \u00e0 ses composants cl\u00e9s, tels que l'isolation, le noyau de fer, les enroulements et le r\u00e9servoir d'huile :<\/p><p><strong>\u2460<\/strong><strong>Contr\u00f4le du bobinage<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> Comprend les essais de r\u00e9sistance en courant continu, de r\u00e9sistance d'isolement et de rapport d'absorption \/ indice de polarisation, de perte di\u00e9lectrique (tan\u03b4), de d\u00e9formation des enroulements et de d\u00e9charges partielles<\/p><p><strong>\u2461<\/strong><strong>Contr\u00f4le du noyau en fer<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> Comprend un test de r\u00e9sistance d'isolement du noyau de fer et un test de courant de mise \u00e0 la terre du noyau de fer<\/p><p>Le noyau en fer constitue le c\u0153ur du circuit magn\u00e9tique ; il convient donc d'\u00e9viter tout risque de mise \u00e0 la terre multiple ou de d\u00e9t\u00e9rioration de l'isolation.<\/p><p><strong>\u2462<\/strong><strong>Inspection des r\u00e9servoirs de fioul et de leurs accessoires<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> Y compris le contr\u00f4le de l'\u00e9tanch\u00e9it\u00e9 du r\u00e9servoir d'huile, le contr\u00f4le du conservateur d'huile et de la jauge de niveau d'huile, ainsi que le contr\u00f4le des travers\u00e9es d'isolation<\/p><p><strong>2.<\/strong><strong>Inspection sp\u00e9ciale du changeur de prises en charge (OLTC)<\/strong><\/p><p>L'OLTC est le composant central des transformateurs sous charge ; il assure la r\u00e9gulation de la tension en charge. Son contr\u00f4le est directement li\u00e9 \u00e0 la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 de fonctionnement de l'\u00e9quipement :<\/p><p><strong>\u2460<\/strong><strong>Contr\u00f4le des caract\u00e9ristiques m\u00e9caniques<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> notamment le test des s\u00e9quences d'action, le test des m\u00e9canismes de fonctionnement et le test des limites m\u00e9caniques<\/p><p><strong>\u2461<\/strong><strong>Contr\u00f4le des performances \u00e9lectriques<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> Comprend le test de r\u00e9sistance de contact, le test de r\u00e9sistance d'isolement, le test de d\u00e9charges partielles lors de la commutation et le test de r\u00e9sistance de transition<\/p><p><strong>\u2462<\/strong><strong>Qualit\u00e9 de l'huile et inspection de la chambre d'huile<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> Inclure le contr\u00f4le de l'huile isolante de l'OLTC et le contr\u00f4le de l'\u00e9tanch\u00e9it\u00e9 de la cuve d'huile<\/p><p><strong>\u2463<\/strong><strong>Inspection des syst\u00e8mes de contr\u00f4le et de protection<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> Inclure le test du circuit de commande et le test des fonctions de protection<\/p><p><strong>3.<\/strong><strong>Contr\u00f4le de l'huile isolante et du syst\u00e8me de refroidissement<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>\u2460<\/strong><strong>Contr\u00f4le de l'huile isolante<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> Inclure les param\u00e8tres physiques et chimiques de routine ainsi que l'analyse des gaz dissous dans l'huile (DGA)<\/p><p><strong>\u2461<\/strong><strong>Inspection du syst\u00e8me de refroidissement<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> Comprend l'inspection du radiateur et le contr\u00f4le du syst\u00e8me de r\u00e9gulation de la temp\u00e9rature<\/p><p><strong>4.<\/strong><strong>Inspection des autres composants auxiliaires<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>\u2460<\/strong><strong>Inspection des soupapes de s\u00e9curit\u00e9<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>\u2461<\/strong><strong>Contr\u00f4le du relais de gaz (relais de purge)<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>\u2462<\/strong><strong>Inspection du syst\u00e8me de mise \u00e0 la terre<\/strong><\/p><p>L'inspection des composants des transformateurs sous charge doit prendre en compte quatre aspects : les performances \u00e9lectriques, les caract\u00e9ristiques m\u00e9caniques, l'\u00e9tat de l'isolation et l'analyse de la qualit\u00e9 de l'huile. L'accent doit \u00eatre mis sur les composants principaux tels que les enroulements, les noyaux de fer et les commutateurs de prise en charge (OLTC), tout en couvrant les syst\u00e8mes auxiliaires tels que le refroidissement, la commande et la protection. Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des inspections r\u00e9guli\u00e8res (telles que des essais pr\u00e9ventifs et une surveillance en ligne), les d\u00e9fauts potentiels peuvent \u00eatre d\u00e9tect\u00e9s en temps utile, garantissant ainsi un fonctionnement s\u00fbr et stable des transformateurs.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-649863462\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-649863462\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e2154e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2e2154e\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0f27574 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0f27574\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Caract\u00e9ristiques structurelles<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f30b232 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f30b232\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u2160.<\/strong><strong>Caract\u00e9ristiques du produit<\/strong><\/p><p>Un transformateur sous charge (c'est-\u00e0-dire un transformateur \u00e0 prise sous charge) est un type de transformateur capable de r\u00e9gler la tension de sortie tout en fonctionnant sous charge. Sa principale caract\u00e9ristique r\u00e9side dans la \u201c r\u00e9gulation de tension sans coupure de courant \u201d, qui combine la fonction de base de transfert d'\u00e9nergie d'un transformateur avec une capacit\u00e9 de r\u00e9glage dynamique de la tension.<\/p><p><strong>1.<\/strong><strong>Caract\u00e9ristiques fonctionnelles essentielles :<\/strong> R\u00e9gulation dynamique de la tension en charge<\/p><p>C'est l\u00e0 la diff\u00e9rence fondamentale entre les transformateurs sous charge et les transformateurs ordinaires \u00e0 changement de prise \u00e0 vide, qui se manifeste notamment par :<\/p><p><strong>\u2460<\/strong><strong>Continuit\u00e9 et souplesse de la r\u00e9gulation de tension<\/strong><\/p><p>Le rapport de transformation entre les bobines primaire et secondaire peut \u00eatre modifi\u00e9 \u00e0 l'aide du m\u00e9canisme de commande sans d\u00e9connecter la charge, ce qui permet un r\u00e9glage en continu de la tension de sortie.<\/p><p><strong>\u2461<\/strong><strong>Transfert d'\u00e9nergie ininterrompu<\/strong><\/p><p>Lors de la r\u00e9gulation de tension, le transfert de courant entre les diff\u00e9rentes positions de prise s'effectue gr\u00e2ce au dispositif de commutation du changeur de prises en charge (par exemple, r\u00e9sistances de transition, r\u00e9acteurs), ce qui garantit un flux de courant continu dans les bobines primaire et secondaire ainsi qu'une alimentation \u00e9lectrique ininterrompue de la charge.<\/p><p><strong>2.<\/strong><strong>Caract\u00e9ristiques de conception structurelle :<\/strong> Commutateurs de prises sp\u00e9ciaux et m\u00e9canismes de protection<\/p><p>L'\u00e9l\u00e9ment structurel suppl\u00e9mentaire essentiel d'un transformateur \u00e0 prise en charge est le changeur de prises en charge, dont la conception influe directement sur la fiabilit\u00e9 du transformateur :<\/p><p><strong>\u2460<\/strong><strong>Structure \u00e0 deux groupes des changeurs de prises sous charge<\/strong><\/p><p>Les changeurs de prises se composent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement de deux \u00e9l\u00e9ments : un s\u00e9lecteur et un commutateur de d\u00e9rivation. Le s\u00e9lecteur pr\u00e9s\u00e9lectionne la position de prise souhait\u00e9e, tandis que le commutateur de d\u00e9rivation assure le transfert du courant de la prise actuelle vers la prise souhait\u00e9e sous charge. Cette structure \u00e0 deux groupes permet de r\u00e9duire la formation d'arcs \u00e9lectriques et les pertes d'\u00e9nergie lors de la commutation.<\/p><p><strong>\u2461<\/strong><strong>Conception des circuits de transition et des dispositifs d'extinction d'arc<\/strong><\/p><p>Lors de la commutation, des r\u00e9sistances de transition ou des r\u00e9acteurs sont connect\u00e9s au circuit afin de limiter le courant de court-circuit et la surtension de commutation. Parall\u00e8lement, des interrupteurs \u00e0 vide ou des dispositifs d'extinction d'arc \u00e0 immersion d'huile sont utilis\u00e9s pour \u00e9teindre rapidement les arcs g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s lors de la commutation, ce qui \u00e9vite la fusion des contacts et prolonge la dur\u00e9e de vie du commutateur.<\/p><p><strong>\u2462<\/strong><strong>Dispositifs de protection m\u00e9caniques et \u00e9lectriques<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00c9quip\u00e9s de limiteurs m\u00e9caniques, de verrouillages \u00e9lectriques (par exemple, pour \u00e9viter tout dysfonctionnement sous charge), d'une protection contre les surcharges et d'une protection contre les gaz (pour les mod\u00e8les \u00e0 immersion dans l'huile). En cas de blocage du changeur de prises, de surcharge ou de d\u00e9faillance de l'isolation, ces dispositifs coupent automatiquement l'alimentation \u00e9lectrique et d\u00e9clenchent une alarme afin de garantir un fonctionnement en toute s\u00e9curit\u00e9.<\/p><p><strong>3.<\/strong><strong>Caract\u00e9ristiques de performance op\u00e9rationnelle :<\/strong> Efficacit\u00e9, stabilit\u00e9 et rapidit\u00e9 de r\u00e9ponse.<\/p><p><strong>\u2460<\/strong><strong>Rendement et caract\u00e9ristiques de perte<\/strong><\/p><p>En fonctionnement normal, son rendement est comparable \u00e0 celui des transformateurs classiques (95%~99% ou plus). Cependant, le processus de commutation du changeur de prises g\u00e9n\u00e8re des pertes suppl\u00e9mentaires mineures (par exemple, pertes dans la r\u00e9sistance de transition, pertes par arc \u00e9lectrique). Ces pertes sont n\u00e9gligeables au regard du rendement global en raison de leur dur\u00e9e extr\u00eamement courte (de l'ordre de la milliseconde).<\/p><p><strong>\u2461<\/strong><strong>Pr\u00e9cision de la r\u00e9gulation haute tension<\/strong><\/p><p>Il est capable de fournir une tension stable sur toute la plage de charge (de la charge nulle \u00e0 la charge nominale), avec une pr\u00e9cision de r\u00e9gulation atteignant g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement \u00b10,5% \u00e0 \u00b11%, r\u00e9pondant ainsi aux exigences \u00e9lev\u00e9es en mati\u00e8re de stabilit\u00e9 de tension des \u00e9quipements de pr\u00e9cision et des cha\u00eenes de production industrielles.<\/p><p><strong>\u2462<\/strong><strong>R\u00e9ponse dynamique rapide<\/strong><\/p><p>Le changeur de prises fonctionne rapidement (la commutation s'effectuant g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement en quelques secondes apr\u00e8s la r\u00e9ception d'une commande de r\u00e9gulation de tension), ce qui permet une r\u00e9ponse rapide aux fluctuations de la tension du r\u00e9seau (par exemple, des variations soudaines de charge ou des chutes de tension sur les lignes) et \u00e9vite que des \u00e9carts de tension excessifs n'endommagent les \u00e9quipements.<\/p><p><strong>\u2463<\/strong><strong>R\u00e9sistance aux courts-circuits et aux surcharges<\/strong><\/p><p>Le corps principal est con\u00e7u pour r\u00e9sister aux courts-circuits, \u00e0 l'instar des transformateurs classiques. Le changeur de prises doit passer avec succ\u00e8s des essais de courant de court-circuit afin de garantir qu\u2019il ne subisse aucun dommage en cas de court-circuit soudain. Il dispose \u00e9galement d\u2019une certaine capacit\u00e9 de surcharge (par exemple, une surcharge de courte dur\u00e9e comprise entre 1,2 et 1,5 fois le courant nominal) pour s\u2019adapter aux fluctuations de charge du r\u00e9seau.<\/p><p><strong>4.<\/strong><strong>Caract\u00e9ristiques du sc\u00e9nario d'application :<\/strong> Adaptation aux exigences du r\u00e9seau et de la charge<\/p><p><strong>\u2460<\/strong><strong>R\u00e9gulation et stabilisation de la tension du r\u00e9seau<\/strong><\/p><p>Largement utilis\u00e9 dans les liaisons de transport et de distribution des r\u00e9seaux \u00e9lectriques : du c\u00f4t\u00e9 du transport, il compense les chutes de tension sur les lignes afin de garantir une tension conforme aux normes \u00e0 l'arriv\u00e9e apr\u00e8s un transport sur de longues distances. Du c\u00f4t\u00e9 de la distribution, il ajuste la tension en fonction des variations de charge c\u00f4t\u00e9 utilisateur (par exemple, les \u00e9carts de charge entre les pics et les creux) afin d'\u00e9viter toute surtension ou sous-tension.<\/p><p><strong>\u2461<\/strong><strong>Adaptation aux charges industrielles et sp\u00e9ciales<\/strong><\/p><p>Convient aux charges industrielles sensibles \u00e0 la tension (par exemple, machines-outils de pr\u00e9cision, cha\u00eenes de production \u00e9lectroniques, d\u00e9marrages de gros moteurs), garantissant un fonctionnement stable des \u00e9quipements gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 une r\u00e9gulation dynamique de la tension. Il est \u00e9galement utilis\u00e9 dans les syst\u00e8mes de production d'\u00e9nergie renouvelable (par exemple, \u00e9olienne, photovolta\u00efque) pour compenser les fluctuations de tension lors du raccordement au r\u00e9seau et am\u00e9liorer la compatibilit\u00e9 avec celui-ci.<\/p><p><strong>\u2462<\/strong><strong>Caract\u00e9ristiques d'entretien et de dur\u00e9e de vie<\/strong><\/p><p>Le changeur de prises est un composant sensible qui n\u00e9cessite un entretien r\u00e9gulier (par exemple, nettoyage des contacts, remplacement de l'huile isolante, inspection des r\u00e9sistances de transition), avec un cycle d'entretien g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement compris entre 1 et 3 ans et des co\u00fbts d'entretien plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s que ceux des transformateurs ordinaires. Toutefois, sa dur\u00e9e de vie globale est comparable \u00e0 celle des transformateurs classiques (20 \u00e0 30 ans), et un entretien ad\u00e9quat peut prolonger son cycle de fonctionnement.<\/p><p>Les principales caract\u00e9ristiques des transformateurs sous charge peuvent \u00eatre r\u00e9sum\u00e9es comme suit : r\u00e9gulation de tension sous charge sans interruption, r\u00e9gulation pr\u00e9cise avec une r\u00e9ponse rapide, structure complexe n\u00e9cessitant un entretien, et adaptation aux r\u00e9seaux et aux charges sensibles. Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la conception sp\u00e9cifique des changeurs de prises, ceux-ci remplissent la fonction essentielle de \u201c r\u00e9gulation de tension sans coupure de courant \u201d, constituant ainsi un \u00e9quipement cl\u00e9 pour le contr\u00f4le de la stabilit\u00e9 de la tension dans les r\u00e9seaux \u00e9lectriques et l'alimentation de charges complexes. Un entretien r\u00e9gulier est indispensable pour garantir la fiabilit\u00e9 des changeurs de prises.<\/p><p><strong>II.<\/strong><strong>Produit <\/strong><strong>Avantages<\/strong><\/p><p>Le principal atout des transformateurs \u00ab sous charge \u00bb r\u00e9side dans le fait qu'ils rem\u00e9dient au probl\u00e8me majeur des transformateurs traditionnels \u00ab \u00e0 vide \u00bb, qui n\u00e9cessitent une coupure de courant lors de la r\u00e9gulation de tension. Voici leurs principaux avantages :<\/p><p><strong>1.<\/strong><strong>Garantir la continuit\u00e9 de l'alimentation \u00e9lectrique et am\u00e9liorer la fiabilit\u00e9<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>\u2460<\/strong><strong>R\u00e9gulation de tension sans coupure de courant :<\/strong> Contrairement aux transformateurs traditionnels hors charge, qui n\u00e9cessitent de d\u00e9connecter les charges et de couper l'alimentation \u00e9lectrique lors du r\u00e9glage de la tension, les transformateurs sous charge permettent de changer de prise pendant le fonctionnement en charge gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la conception sp\u00e9ciale des changeurs de prises en charge (tels que les r\u00e9sistances de transition et les dispositifs d'extinction d'arc sous vide), \u00e9vitant ainsi les coupures de courant accidentelles li\u00e9es \u00e0 la r\u00e9gulation de tension.<\/p><p><strong>\u2461<\/strong><strong>R\u00e9duire les pertes li\u00e9es aux coupures de courant :<\/strong> Dans les lieux o\u00f9 la continuit\u00e9 de l'alimentation \u00e9lectrique est soumise \u00e0 des exigences extr\u00eamement \u00e9lev\u00e9es, tels que les h\u00f4pitaux, les centres de donn\u00e9es et les industries de fabrication de pr\u00e9cision, les transformateurs sous charge permettent de r\u00e9duire efficacement les pertes \u00e9conomiques, les dommages mat\u00e9riels ou les risques pour la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 li\u00e9s aux coupures de courant.<\/p><p><strong>2.<\/strong><strong>Une tension pr\u00e9cise et stable, pour une qualit\u00e9 d'\u00e9nergie optimale<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>\u2460<\/strong><strong>R\u00e9gulation dynamique de la tension :<\/strong> Dans les r\u00e9seaux \u00e9lectriques, la tension du r\u00e9seau peut s'\u00e9carter de la valeur nominale en raison des fluctuations de charge (par exemple, les pics et creux de consommation d'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9), des variations des pertes en ligne ou de l'instabilit\u00e9 des sources d'\u00e9nergie renouvelables (\u00e9olien, photovolta\u00efque). Les transformateurs sous charge peuvent ajuster rapidement les positions des prises en fonction des donn\u00e9es de surveillance de la tension en temps r\u00e9el (le temps de commutation est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement de l'ordre de quelques secondes) afin de stabiliser la tension de sortie dans la plage admissible (erreur g\u00e9n\u00e9rale \u2264 \u00b12,5%).<\/p><p><strong>\u2461<\/strong><strong>Adaptation \u00e0 des sc\u00e9narios de charge complexes :<\/strong> Dans le domaine de la production industrielle, les fluctuations de tension provoqu\u00e9es par des charges d'impact, telles que les d\u00e9marrages de gros moteurs ou le fonctionnement des postes \u00e0 souder, peuvent \u00eatre r\u00e9gul\u00e9es en temps r\u00e9el \u00e0 l'aide de transformateurs sous charge, ce qui garantit le fonctionnement normal des \u00e9quipements et r\u00e9duit les probl\u00e8mes de qualit\u00e9 des produits ou les pannes d'\u00e9quipements dus \u00e0 l'instabilit\u00e9 de la tension.<\/p><p><strong>3.<\/strong><strong>Am\u00e9liorer l'efficacit\u00e9 et la rentabilit\u00e9 de l'exploitation du r\u00e9seau<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>\u2460<\/strong><strong>R\u00e9duire les pertes en ligne :<\/strong> Lorsque la tension \u00e0 l'extr\u00e9mit\u00e9 du r\u00e9seau est faible, le courant de ligne augmente, ce qui entra\u00eene des pertes plus importantes (les pertes \u00e9tant proportionnelles au carr\u00e9 du courant). En augmentant la tension de sortie, les transformateurs sous charge r\u00e9duisent le courant de ligne, diminuent les pertes de puissance active et am\u00e9liorent le rendement du r\u00e9seau de transport.<\/p><p><strong>\u2461<\/strong><strong>Prolonger la dur\u00e9e de vie des \u00e9quipements :<\/strong> Un environnement \u00e9lectrique \u00e0 tension stable r\u00e9duit le vieillissement de l'isolation et l'usure m\u00e9canique des \u00e9quipements \u00e9lectriques (par exemple, moteurs, transformateurs, condensateurs), ce qui prolonge leur dur\u00e9e de vie et r\u00e9duit les co\u00fbts de maintenance ainsi que la fr\u00e9quence de remplacement.<\/p><p><strong>\u2462<\/strong><strong>S'adapter aux nouveaux besoins en mati\u00e8re de raccordement au r\u00e9seau \u00e9lectrique :<\/strong> Les nouvelles sources d'\u00e9nergie, telles que l'\u00e9olien et le photovolta\u00efque, pr\u00e9sentent une volatilit\u00e9 et une intermittence susceptibles d'entra\u00eener des fluctuations de tension au niveau des n\u0153uds de raccordement au r\u00e9seau. Les transformateurs sous charge r\u00e9gulent la tension de mani\u00e8re dynamique afin d'assurer une int\u00e9gration stable de l'\u00e9nergie issue de ces nouvelles sources dans le r\u00e9seau et d'am\u00e9liorer la capacit\u00e9 d'absorption de cette \u00e9nergie.<\/p><p><strong>4.<\/strong><strong>Renforcer la flexibilit\u00e9 du r\u00e9seau et sa capacit\u00e9 de r\u00e9gulation<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>\u2460<\/strong><strong>S'adapter avec souplesse aux variations de charge :<\/strong> Avec le d\u00e9veloppement urbain et la modernisation industrielle, le taux de croissance et les caract\u00e9ristiques de r\u00e9partition des charges \u00e9lectriques ne cessent d'\u00e9voluer. Les transformateurs sous charge permettent de s'adapter aux besoins de charge dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions et \u00e0 diff\u00e9rents moments gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la r\u00e9gulation de la tension, d'optimiser la distribution d'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 sur le r\u00e9seau et d'\u00e9viter les surcharges ou le fonctionnement \u00e0 faible charge des r\u00e9seaux locaux.<\/p><p><strong>\u2461<\/strong><strong>Soutien au raccordement au r\u00e9seau et \u00e0 sa modernisation :<\/strong> Dans le cadre de l'interconnexion de r\u00e9seaux multiples, de la modernisation des r\u00e9seaux existants ou de la mise en place de r\u00e9seaux intelligents, la fonction de r\u00e9gulation dynamique de la tension des transformateurs sous charge am\u00e9liore la coordination et la compatibilit\u00e9 entre les r\u00e9seaux, simplifie la gestion de la r\u00e9partition de la charge et renforce la stabilit\u00e9 du syst\u00e8me.<\/p><p><strong>5.<\/strong><strong>De nombreux cas d'application et une grande facilit\u00e9 de mise en \u0153uvre<\/strong><\/p><p>Les transformateurs sous charge ne sont pas seulement utilis\u00e9s dans les r\u00e9seaux de transport \u00e0 haute tension et les r\u00e9seaux de distribution \u00e0 moyenne tension, mais \u00e9galement dans des contextes tels que les centrales \u00e9lectriques propres aux entreprises industrielles, les syst\u00e8mes d\u2019alimentation \u00e9lectrique des transports ferroviaires et la distribution \u00e9lectrique dans les immeubles de grande hauteur. Leur plage de r\u00e9gulation de tension est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement large (avec plusieurs positions de prise, telles que \u00b13\u00d72,5%, \u00b15\u00d71,25%, etc.), ce qui leur permet de r\u00e9pondre aux besoins li\u00e9s aux diff\u00e9rents niveaux de tension et aux diff\u00e9rentes pr\u00e9cisions de r\u00e9gulation, ce qui les rend tr\u00e8s polyvalents et pratiques.<\/p><p>Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 leurs principaux atouts, tels que la r\u00e9gulation de tension sans coupure, la stabilisation pr\u00e9cise de la tension, la r\u00e9duction des pertes et l'am\u00e9lioration du rendement, ainsi qu'une r\u00e9gulation flexible, les transformateurs sous charge am\u00e9liorent consid\u00e9rablement la fiabilit\u00e9, la rentabilit\u00e9 et la flexibilit\u00e9 des r\u00e9seaux \u00e9lectriques. Ils constituent des \u00e9quipements cl\u00e9s indispensables dans les r\u00e9seaux \u00e9lectriques modernes, et leur r\u00f4le prend de plus en plus d'importance, notamment dans le contexte d'une demande croissante en mati\u00e8re de raccordement des \u00e9nergies nouvelles au r\u00e9seau, de mise en place de r\u00e9seaux intelligents et d'alimentation \u00e9lectrique de haute qualit\u00e9.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-649863463\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-649863463\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-764f307 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"764f307\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9872304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9872304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Structure du produit<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b1b2cc5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b1b2cc5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les composants essentiels des transformateurs \u00e0 huile sont le noyau de fer, les enroulements et le r\u00e9servoir d'huile. La pr\u00e9cision de fabrication de ces trois composants influe directement sur les performances du transformateur.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5474a64 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5474a64\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24a71fc elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"24a71fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u2160.<\/strong><strong>Fabrication de composants essentiels<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>1.<\/strong><strong>Fabrication de noyaux en fer<\/strong><\/p><p>D\u00e9coupe de t\u00f4les d'acier au silicium, laminage de noyaux en fer, durcissement et mise en forme.<\/p><p><strong>2.<\/strong><strong>Fabrication de bobines<\/strong><\/p><p>Traitement des conducteurs, bobinage et traitement d'isolation.<\/p><p><strong>3.<\/strong><strong>Fabrication de changeurs de prises sous charge<\/strong><\/p><p>Usinage des composants cl\u00e9s, assemblage et mise au point, isolation et \u00e9tanch\u00e9ification.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4144565 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4144565\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d5efec elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4d5efec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ketetransformer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/10kV_35KV_SZ11_On-load_Tap-changing_Distribution_Transformer1_WH_1000x1000px-1-1024x576.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4677\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ketetransformer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/10kV_35KV_SZ11_On-load_Tap-changing_Distribution_Transformer1_WH_1000x1000px-1-1024x576.webp 1024w, https:\/\/www.ketetransformer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/10kV_35KV_SZ11_On-load_Tap-changing_Distribution_Transformer1_WH_1000x1000px-1-300x169.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.ketetransformer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/10kV_35KV_SZ11_On-load_Tap-changing_Distribution_Transformer1_WH_1000x1000px-1-768x432.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.ketetransformer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/10kV_35KV_SZ11_On-load_Tap-changing_Distribution_Transformer1_WH_1000x1000px-1-600x338.webp 600w, https:\/\/www.ketetransformer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/10kV_35KV_SZ11_On-load_Tap-changing_Distribution_Transformer1_WH_1000x1000px-1.webp 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-316f71b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"316f71b\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a64ba5 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget-mobile__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5a64ba5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ketetransformer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/10kV_35KV_SZ11_On-load_Tap-changing_Distribution_Transformer1_WH_1000x1000px2-1024x576.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4678\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ketetransformer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/10kV_35KV_SZ11_On-load_Tap-changing_Distribution_Transformer1_WH_1000x1000px2-1024x576.webp 1024w, https:\/\/www.ketetransformer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/10kV_35KV_SZ11_On-load_Tap-changing_Distribution_Transformer1_WH_1000x1000px2-300x169.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.ketetransformer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/10kV_35KV_SZ11_On-load_Tap-changing_Distribution_Transformer1_WH_1000x1000px2-768x432.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.ketetransformer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/10kV_35KV_SZ11_On-load_Tap-changing_Distribution_Transformer1_WH_1000x1000px2-600x338.webp 600w, https:\/\/www.ketetransformer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/10kV_35KV_SZ11_On-load_Tap-changing_Distribution_Transformer1_WH_1000x1000px2.webp 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-415ab2d elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"415ab2d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>II.<\/strong><strong>Assemblage final<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>1.<\/strong><strong>Assemblage du corps du transformateur<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>2. Montage de <\/strong><strong>s\u00e9chage complet<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>3.A<\/strong><strong>Montage du r\u00e9servoir d'huile.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a0ed7f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3a0ed7f\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8c7e7b3 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8c7e7b3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u2162.<\/strong><strong>Remplissage d'huile et traitement sous vide<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>1.<\/strong><strong>Remplissage d'huile sous vide,<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>2.H<\/strong><strong>Circulation de l'huile.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8418c8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e8418c8\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b4fa40 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6b4fa40\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ketetransformer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/10kV_35KV_SZ11_On-load_Tap-changing_Distribution_Transformer1_WH_1000x1000px3-1024x576.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4684\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ketetransformer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/10kV_35KV_SZ11_On-load_Tap-changing_Distribution_Transformer1_WH_1000x1000px3-1024x576.webp 1024w, https:\/\/www.ketetransformer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/10kV_35KV_SZ11_On-load_Tap-changing_Distribution_Transformer1_WH_1000x1000px3-300x169.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.ketetransformer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/10kV_35KV_SZ11_On-load_Tap-changing_Distribution_Transformer1_WH_1000x1000px3-768x432.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.ketetransformer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/10kV_35KV_SZ11_On-load_Tap-changing_Distribution_Transformer1_WH_1000x1000px3-600x338.webp 600w, https:\/\/www.ketetransformer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/10kV_35KV_SZ11_On-load_Tap-changing_Distribution_Transformer1_WH_1000x1000px3.webp 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db9ebd4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db9ebd4\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0c75ed8 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget-mobile__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"0c75ed8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ketetransformer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/10kV_35KV_SZ11_On-load_Tap-changing_Distribution_Transformer1_WH_1000x1000px4-1024x576.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4685\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ketetransformer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/10kV_35KV_SZ11_On-load_Tap-changing_Distribution_Transformer1_WH_1000x1000px4-1024x576.webp 1024w, https:\/\/www.ketetransformer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/10kV_35KV_SZ11_On-load_Tap-changing_Distribution_Transformer1_WH_1000x1000px4-300x169.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.ketetransformer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/10kV_35KV_SZ11_On-load_Tap-changing_Distribution_Transformer1_WH_1000x1000px4-768x432.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.ketetransformer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/10kV_35KV_SZ11_On-load_Tap-changing_Distribution_Transformer1_WH_1000x1000px4-600x338.webp 600w, https:\/\/www.ketetransformer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/10kV_35KV_SZ11_On-load_Tap-changing_Distribution_Transformer1_WH_1000x1000px4.webp 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61c2596 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"61c2596\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u2163.<\/strong><strong>Essais et contr\u00f4les<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>1.<\/strong><strong>Examens de routine<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>2.S<\/strong><strong>Inspection sp\u00e9ciale des changeurs de prises sous charge<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>3.O<\/strong><strong>inspection des performances globales.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-649863464\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-649863464\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-265fa39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"265fa39\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73d198a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"73d198a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Caract\u00e9ristiques techniques<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-de4a9c0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"de4a9c0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;all_collapsed&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;multiple&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2330\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2330\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Transformateur de distribution \u00e0 prise en charge SZ11 de 10 kV <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-down\" viewbox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M143 352.3L7 216.3c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l22.6-22.6c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l96.4 96.4 96.4-96.4c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l22.6 22.6c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-136 136c-9.2 9.4-24.4 9.4-33.8 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewbox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2330\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf0179b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bf0179b\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e05fe1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"8e05fe1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<style type=\"text\/css\">\r\n.table-responsive {\r\n  width: 100%;\r\n  overflow-x: auto; \/* \u5c0f\u5c4f\u5e55\u53ef\u6a2a\u5411\u6eda\u52a8 *\/\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* \u8868\u683c\u57fa\u7840\u6837\u5f0f *\/\r\n.tg  {\r\n  border-collapse: collapse;\r\n  border-spacing: 0;\r\n  min-width: 800px; \/* \u9632\u6b62\u8868\u683c\u88ab\u538b\u7f29\u5f97\u592a\u5c0f *\/\r\n}\r\n\r\n.tg td, .tg th {\r\n  border-color: black;\r\n  border-style: solid;\r\n  border-width: 1px;\r\n  font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\r\n  font-size: 14px;\r\n  overflow: hidden;\r\n  padding: 10px 5px;\r\n  text-align: center;\r\n  vertical-align: top;\r\n  word-break: normal;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.tg th {\r\n  font-weight: normal;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.tg .tg-4fhu {\r\n  background-color: #FFF;\r\n  color: #212529;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* \u5e73\u677f\u9002\u914d *\/\r\n@media (max-width: 1024px) {\r\n  .tg td, .tg th {\r\n    font-size: 13px;\r\n    padding: 8px 4px;\r\n  }\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* \u624b\u673a\u9002\u914d *\/\r\n@media (max-width: 768px) {\r\n  .tg td, .tg th {\r\n    font-size: 12px;\r\n    padding: 6px 3px;\r\n  }\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"table-responsive\">\r\n<table class=\"tg\">\r\n<thead>\r\n  <tr>\r\n<style type=\"text\/css\">\r\n.tg  {border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;}\r\n.tg td{border-color:black;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px;\r\n  overflow:hidden;padding:10px 5px;word-break:normal;}\r\n.tg th{border-color:black;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px;\r\n  font-weight:normal;overflow:hidden;padding:10px 5px;word-break:normal;}\r\n.tg .tg-wa1i{font-weight:bold;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle}\r\n.tg .tg-nrix{text-align:center;vertical-align:middle}\r\n<\/style>\r\n<table class=\"tg\"><thead>\r\n  <tr>\r\n    <th class=\"tg-wa1i\">Capacit\u00e9 nominale<\/th>\r\n    <th class=\"tg-wa1i\">H.V.<\/th>\r\n    <th class=\"tg-wa1i\">Gamme de prises de haute tension<\/th>\r\n    <th class=\"tg-wa1i\">L.V.<\/th>\r\n    <th class=\"tg-wa1i\">Symbole de connexion<\/th>\r\n    <th class=\"tg-wa1i\">Perte \u00e0 vide (kW)<\/th>\r\n    <th class=\"tg-wa1i\">Perte en charge (kW)<\/th>\r\n    <th class=\"tg-wa1i\">Courant \u00e0 vide %<\/th>\r\n    <th class=\"tg-wa1i\">Imp\u00e9dance de court-circuit %<\/th>\r\n  <\/tr><\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n  <tr>\r\n    <td class=\"tg-nrix\">200<\/td>\r\n    <td class=\"tg-nrix\" rowspan=\"12\">6<br><br><br>6.3<br><br><br>10<br><br><br>10.5<\/td>\r\n    <td class=\"tg-nrix\" rowspan=\"12\">\u00b14*2,5%<\/td>\r\n    <td class=\"tg-nrix\" rowspan=\"12\">0.4<\/td>\r\n    <td class=\"tg-nrix\" rowspan=\"12\">Dyn11<br><br><br><br>Yyn0<\/td>\r\n    <td class=\"tg-nrix\">0.38<\/td>\r\n    <td class=\"tg-nrix\">2.90 <\/td>\r\n    <td class=\"tg-nrix\">1.00 <\/td>\r\n    <td class=\"tg-nrix\" rowspan=\"5\">4<\/td>\r\n  <\/tr>\r\n  <tr>\r\n    <td class=\"tg-nrix\">250<\/td>\r\n    <td class=\"tg-nrix\">0.44<\/td>\r\n    <td class=\"tg-nrix\">3.42 <\/td>\r\n    <td class=\"tg-nrix\">0.90 <\/td>\r\n  <\/tr>\r\n  <tr>\r\n    <td class=\"tg-nrix\">315<\/td>\r\n    <td class=\"tg-nrix\">0.53<\/td>\r\n    <td class=\"tg-nrix\">4.10 <\/td>\r\n    <td class=\"tg-nrix\">0.90 <\/td>\r\n  <\/tr>\r\n  <tr>\r\n    <td class=\"tg-nrix\">400<\/td>\r\n    <td class=\"tg-nrix\">0.64<\/td>\r\n    <td class=\"tg-nrix\">4.95 <\/td>\r\n    <td class=\"tg-nrix\">0.80 <\/td>\r\n  <\/tr>\r\n  <tr>\r\n    <td class=\"tg-nrix\">500<\/td>\r\n    <td class=\"tg-nrix\">0.76<\/td>\r\n    <td class=\"tg-nrix\">6.89 <\/td>\r\n    <td class=\"tg-nrix\">0.80 <\/td>\r\n  <\/tr>\r\n  <tr>\r\n    <td class=\"tg-nrix\">630<\/td>\r\n    <td class=\"tg-nrix\">0.96<\/td>\r\n    <td class=\"tg-nrix\">7.26 <\/td>\r\n    <td class=\"tg-nrix\">0.60 <\/td>\r\n    <td class=\"tg-nrix\" rowspan=\"5\">4.5<\/td>\r\n  <\/tr>\r\n  <tr>\r\n    <td class=\"tg-nrix\">800<\/td>\r\n    <td class=\"tg-nrix\">1.12<\/td>\r\n    <td class=\"tg-nrix\">8.89 <\/td>\r\n    <td class=\"tg-nrix\">0.60 <\/td>\r\n  <\/tr>\r\n  <tr>\r\n    <td class=\"tg-nrix\">1000<\/td>\r\n    <td class=\"tg-nrix\">1.36<\/td>\r\n    <td class=\"tg-nrix\">10.40 <\/td>\r\n    <td class=\"tg-nrix\">0.60 <\/td>\r\n  <\/tr>\r\n  <tr>\r\n    <td class=\"tg-nrix\">1250<\/td>\r\n    <td class=\"tg-nrix\">1.56<\/td>\r\n    <td class=\"tg-nrix\">12.30 <\/td>\r\n    <td class=\"tg-nrix\">0.50 <\/td>\r\n  <\/tr>\r\n  <tr>\r\n    <td class=\"tg-nrix\">1600<\/td>\r\n    <td class=\"tg-nrix\">1.92<\/td>\r\n    <td class=\"tg-nrix\">14.70 <\/td>\r\n    <td class=\"tg-nrix\">0.50 <\/td>\r\n  <\/tr>\r\n  <tr>\r\n    <td class=\"tg-nrix\">2000<\/td>\r\n    <td class=\"tg-nrix\">2.27<\/td>\r\n    <td class=\"tg-nrix\">18.60 <\/td>\r\n    <td class=\"tg-nrix\">0.40 <\/td>\r\n    <td class=\"tg-nrix\" rowspan=\"2\">5<\/td>\r\n  <\/tr>\r\n  <tr>\r\n    <td class=\"tg-nrix\">2500<\/td>\r\n    <td class=\"tg-nrix\">2.68<\/td>\r\n    <td class=\"tg-nrix\">21.60 <\/td>\r\n    <td class=\"tg-nrix\">0.40 <\/td>\r\n  <\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody><\/table>   \r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-649863465\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-649863465\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53e5531 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"53e5531\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd32b31 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bd32b31\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5fe5476 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5fe5476\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"819\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ketetransformer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/11-\u6cb9\u53d8\u6709\u8f7d-34.5-10-0.4-1024x819.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4877\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ketetransformer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/11-\u6cb9\u53d8\u6709\u8f7d-34.5-10-0.4-1024x819.webp 1024w, https:\/\/www.ketetransformer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/11-\u6cb9\u53d8\u6709\u8f7d-34.5-10-0.4-300x240.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.ketetransformer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/11-\u6cb9\u53d8\u6709\u8f7d-34.5-10-0.4-768x614.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.ketetransformer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/11-\u6cb9\u53d8\u6709\u8f7d-34.5-10-0.4-1536x1229.webp 1536w, https:\/\/www.ketetransformer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/11-\u6cb9\u53d8\u6709\u8f7d-34.5-10-0.4-600x480.webp 600w, https:\/\/www.ketetransformer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/11-\u6cb9\u53d8\u6709\u8f7d-34.5-10-0.4.webp 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-649863466\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-649863466\" data-tab-index=\"6\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 6;\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a681f0e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a681f0e\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11bf213 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"11bf213\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">     Foire aux questions<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-692e57a elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget-mobile__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"692e57a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u2160. Service d'entretien de base<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d080af3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"d080af3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;all_collapsed&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;multiple&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2180\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2180\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> 1. Quelles sont la tension nominale et la puissance nominale du transformateur OLTC \u00e0 huile Kete ? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-down\" viewbox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M143 352.3L7 216.3c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l22.6-22.6c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l96.4 96.4 96.4-96.4c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l22.6 22.6c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-136 136c-9.2 9.4-24.4 9.4-33.8 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewbox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2180\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-05eeb49 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"05eeb49\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d60b237 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d60b237\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u2460<\/strong><strong>Tension primaire (c\u00f4t\u00e9 haute tension) : <\/strong>Leur tension varie g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement entre 1 kV et 66 kV, les valeurs nominales courantes \u00e9tant notamment 6 kV, 10 kV, 11 kV, 20 kV, 33 kV, 34,5 kV et 35 kV.<\/p><p><strong>\u2461<\/strong><strong>Tension secondaire (c\u00f4t\u00e9 basse tension) : <\/strong>Les tensions nominales secondaires courantes sont notamment les suivantes :<\/p><p>\u00b7400 V (0,4 kV) pour l'alimentation industrielle et r\u00e9sidentielle<\/p><p>\u00b711 kV ou 33 kV<\/p><p><strong>\u2462<\/strong><strong>Personnalisation : <\/strong>Les transformateurs peuvent \u00eatre con\u00e7us pour des applications sp\u00e9cifiques. Si vous avez des exigences particuli\u00e8res en mati\u00e8re de puissance ou de tension, nous pouvons concevoir et personnaliser des transformateurs sur mesure afin de r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 vos besoins.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2181\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"2\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2181\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> 2. Quel type de syst\u00e8me de refroidissement utilise le transformateur OLTC \u00e0 immersion d'huile Kete ? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-down\" viewbox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M143 352.3L7 216.3c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l22.6-22.6c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l96.4 96.4 96.4-96.4c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l22.6 22.6c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-136 136c-9.2 9.4-24.4 9.4-33.8 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewbox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2181\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9b6bfdb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9b6bfdb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e23d10 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3e23d10\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les transformateurs OLTC \u00e0 huile de la marque Kete utilisent principalement deux m\u00e9thodes de refroidissement courantes : ONAN et ONAF.<\/p><p>\u2460<strong>Champ d'application de l'ONAN<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>Transformateurs de faible puissance<\/strong><\/p><p>Capacit\u00e9 d'application typique : g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement utilis\u00e9 pour les transformateurs de la classe 10 kV d'une puissance inf\u00e9rieure ou \u00e9gale \u00e0 500 kVA, et de la classe 35 kV d'une puissance inf\u00e9rieure ou \u00e9gale \u00e0 1 000 kVA.<\/p><p>Raison : les transformateurs de faible puissance pr\u00e9sentent de faibles pertes (faible production de chaleur) et la dissipation naturelle de la chaleur permet de respecter les exigences en mati\u00e8re d'\u00e9l\u00e9vation de temp\u00e9rature, tout en offrant une structure simple et un faible co\u00fbt.<\/p><p><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>Sc\u00e9narios impliquant un environnement d'installation peu structur\u00e9<\/strong><\/p><p>Convient aux espaces ext\u00e9rieurs ouverts, aux locaux de distribution int\u00e9rieurs bien ventil\u00e9s ou aux zones o\u00f9 la temp\u00e9rature ambiante est basse.<\/p><p>En cas d'installation dans des espaces clos (tels que des sous-sols), une \u00e9valuation suppl\u00e9mentaire des conditions de dissipation thermique est n\u00e9cessaire, et il peut s'av\u00e9rer n\u00e9cessaire d'am\u00e9liorer le syst\u00e8me de refroidissement.<\/p><p><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>Transformateurs \u00e0 faible taux de charge ou \u00e0 fonctionnement intermittent<\/strong><\/p><p>Pour les transformateurs fonctionnant longtemps \u00e0 faible charge (taux de charge &lt; 50%), la capacit\u00e9 de dissipation thermique de l&#039;ONAN est suffisante, ce qui \u00e9vite le gaspillage d&#039;\u00e9nergie li\u00e9 au refroidissement forc\u00e9.<\/p><p>\u2461<strong>Champ d'application de l'ONAF<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>Transformateurs de moyenne et grande capacit\u00e9<\/strong><\/p><p>Capacit\u00e9 d'application type : classe 10 kV \u00e0 partir de 800 kVA, classe 35 kV \u00e0 partir de 1 600 kVA pour les transformateurs de petite et moyenne puissance.<\/p><p>Raison : les transformateurs de moyenne et grande capacit\u00e9 pr\u00e9sentent des pertes \u00e9lev\u00e9es (importantes pertes dans le cuivre et dans le fer) ; la dissipation thermique naturelle ne permettant pas de respecter la limite d'\u00e9l\u00e9vation de temp\u00e9rature, il est n\u00e9cessaire d'utiliser des ventilateurs pour favoriser la dissipation thermique.<\/p><p><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>Transformateurs \u00e0 taux de charge \u00e9lev\u00e9 ou \u00e0 fonctionnement continu<\/strong><\/p><p>Convient aux situations impliquant un fonctionnement \u00e0 pleine charge sur le long terme ou d'importantes fluctuations de charge (n\u00e9cessitant de supporter des surcharges de courte dur\u00e9e), telles que les transformateurs principaux dans les installations industrielles et les transformateurs de raccordement dans les r\u00e9seaux de distribution urbains.<\/p><p><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>Environnements pr\u00e9sentant des conditions de dissipation thermique limit\u00e9es<\/strong><\/p><p>Si le transformateur est install\u00e9 dans un environnement int\u00e9rieur mal ventil\u00e9 ou dans des zones o\u00f9 la temp\u00e9rature ambiante est \u00e9lev\u00e9e (comme les r\u00e9gions tropicales), l'ONAF peut pallier l'insuffisance de la dissipation thermique naturelle gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un refroidissement par air forc\u00e9, \u00e9vitant ainsi une temp\u00e9rature excessive de l'huile qui pourrait nuire \u00e0 sa dur\u00e9e de vie.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2182\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"3\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2182\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> 3. En quoi le syst\u00e8me de refroidissement du transformateur OLTC \u00e0 huile Kete influe-t-il sur ses performances dans diff\u00e9rentes conditions climatiques ? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-down\" viewbox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M143 352.3L7 216.3c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l22.6-22.6c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l96.4 96.4 96.4-96.4c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l22.6 22.6c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-136 136c-9.2 9.4-24.4 9.4-33.8 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewbox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2182\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eb6a4dc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"eb6a4dc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f1cf45 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5f1cf45\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L'impact des syst\u00e8mes de refroidissement ONAN (refroidissement \u00e0 l'air naturel en immersion d'huile) et ONAF (refroidissement \u00e0 air forc\u00e9 en immersion d'huile) des transformateurs OLTC \u00e0 immersion d'huile de Kete sur leurs performances dans diff\u00e9rentes conditions climatiques est le suivant :<\/p><p>\u2460<strong>Impact d'un climat caract\u00e9ris\u00e9 par des temp\u00e9ratures \u00e9lev\u00e9es<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>Syst\u00e8me de refroidissement ONAN :<\/strong> Lorsque la temp\u00e9rature ambiante d\u00e9passe 40 \u00b0C, l'efficacit\u00e9 de dissipation thermique du syst\u00e8me de refroidissement ONAN diminue consid\u00e9rablement, pouvant chuter jusqu'\u00e0 environ 60%. Cela s'explique par le fait que les temp\u00e9ratures \u00e9lev\u00e9es r\u00e9duisent la viscosit\u00e9 de l'huile, ce qui affaiblit sa fluidit\u00e9 et diminue ainsi l'efficacit\u00e9 de la dissipation thermique par convection naturelle. \u00c0 ce stade, la temp\u00e9rature des enroulements du transformateur augmente rapidement, ce qui acc\u00e9l\u00e8re le vieillissement de l\u2019isolation. Selon la loi d\u2019Arrhenius, la dur\u00e9e de vie de l\u2019isolation est r\u00e9duite de moiti\u00e9 pour chaque augmentation de temp\u00e9rature de 8 \u00b0C. Par ailleurs, les temp\u00e9ratures \u00e9lev\u00e9es entra\u00eenent une diminution de la perm\u00e9abilit\u00e9 magn\u00e9tique des t\u00f4les d\u2019acier au silicium et une augmentation des pertes par courants de Foucault, ce qui r\u00e9duit le rendement \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique. Il peut s\u2019av\u00e9rer n\u00e9cessaire de r\u00e9duire la puissance nominale du transformateur ; dans le cas contraire, il existe des risques de d\u00e9t\u00e9rioration de l\u2019isolation et d\u2019incendie.<\/p><p><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>Syst\u00e8me de refroidissement ONAF :<\/strong> Dans les environnements \u00e0 haute temp\u00e9rature, l'efficacit\u00e9 de refroidissement des ventilateurs du syst\u00e8me ONAF diminue. Bien que la dissipation thermique puisse \u00eatre am\u00e9lior\u00e9e par l'ajout d'\u00e9quipements de refroidissement auxiliaires, les performances globales s'en trouvent tout de m\u00eame affect\u00e9es dans une certaine mesure. Toutefois, par rapport au syst\u00e8me de refroidissement ONAN, le syst\u00e8me ONAF, gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la dissipation active de la chaleur par les ventilateurs, offre un meilleur rendement de dissipation thermique dans les m\u00eames conditions de temp\u00e9rature \u00e9lev\u00e9e. Il permet de mieux contr\u00f4ler la temp\u00e9rature des enroulements du transformateur et de retarder le vieillissement de l\u2019isolation.<\/p><p>\u2461<strong>Impact du climat de basse temp\u00e9rature<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>Syst\u00e8me de refroidissement ONAN :<\/strong> Dans des environnements \u00e0 basse temp\u00e9rature, notamment lorsque les temp\u00e9ratures sont inf\u00e9rieures \u00e0 -30 \u00b0C, la viscosit\u00e9 de l\u2019huile de transformateur augmente fortement, ce qui entra\u00eene une r\u00e9sistance accrue \u00e0 la circulation. Cela peut entra\u00eener un ralentissement de la dissipation thermique, voire la solidification de l\u2019huile (le point d\u2019\u00e9coulement de l\u2019huile de transformateur est d\u2019environ -45 \u00b0C). De plus, l'eau dissoute dans l'huile peut se transformer en cristaux de glace en suspension, augmentant ainsi le risque de d\u00e9charges partielles. Lors d'un d\u00e9marrage \u00e0 froid, les contraintes m\u00e9caniques peuvent provoquer la fissuration des soudures ou de l'isolation en raison de la fragilit\u00e9 des mat\u00e9riaux. Par cons\u00e9quent, \u00e0 des temp\u00e9ratures extr\u00eamement basses, un pr\u00e9chauffage \u00e0 une temp\u00e9rature sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 0 \u00b0C est n\u00e9cessaire avant la mise en service.<\/p><p><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>Syst\u00e8me de refroidissement ONAF :<\/strong> Dans les environnements \u00e0 basse temp\u00e9rature, outre le probl\u00e8me de l'augmentation de la viscosit\u00e9 de l'huile, similaire \u00e0 celui rencontr\u00e9 avec ONAN, le syst\u00e8me de refroidissement ONAF est \u00e9galement expos\u00e9 au risque de givrage des ventilateurs. Cela peut nuire au bon fonctionnement des ventilateurs et r\u00e9duire encore davantage l'efficacit\u00e9 de la dissipation thermique.<\/p><p>\u2462<strong>Impact d'un climat caract\u00e9ris\u00e9 par une forte humidit\u00e9 et des projections de sel<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>Syst\u00e8me de refroidissement ONAN :<\/strong> Dans les environnements \u00e0 forte humidit\u00e9, o\u00f9 le taux d'humidit\u00e9 d\u00e9passe 90%, la teneur en humidit\u00e9 du papier isolant augmente, ce qui entra\u00eene une diminution de la rigidit\u00e9 di\u00e9lectrique d'environ 30% et r\u00e9duit les performances d'isolation du transformateur. Dans les environnements soumis au brouillard salin, les jonctions des enroulements subissent de la corrosion, ce qui augmente la r\u00e9sistance de contact et entra\u00eene une surchauffe locale, affectant ainsi le fonctionnement normal et la dur\u00e9e de vie du transformateur.<\/p><p><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>Syst\u00e8me de refroidissement ONAF :<\/strong> Les climats caract\u00e9ris\u00e9s par une forte humidit\u00e9 et des embruns salins affectent le syst\u00e8me de refroidissement ONAF de la m\u00eame mani\u00e8re que le syst\u00e8me ONAN, entra\u00eenant principalement une d\u00e9gradation des performances d'isolation et la corrosion des composants. Cependant, le syst\u00e8me de refroidissement ONAF comportant des composants rotatifs tels que des ventilateurs, il convient, dans les environnements tr\u00e8s humides, d'accorder une attention particuli\u00e8re \u00e0 la pr\u00e9vention de probl\u00e8mes tels que les courts-circuits provoqu\u00e9s par l'humidit\u00e9 dans les moteurs des ventilateurs.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2183\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"4\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2183\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> 4. Quel est le principal crit\u00e8re permettant de choisir entre les m\u00e9thodes de refroidissement ONAN et ONAF pour les transformateurs OLTC \u00e0 huile de type \u00ab kete \u00bb ? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-down\" viewbox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M143 352.3L7 216.3c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l22.6-22.6c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l96.4 96.4 96.4-96.4c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l22.6 22.6c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-136 136c-9.2 9.4-24.4 9.4-33.8 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewbox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2183\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8566f20 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8566f20\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d6f876c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d6f876c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Le choix entre les m\u00e9thodes de refroidissement ONAN (circulation naturelle de l'huile et refroidissement naturel par air) et ONAF (circulation naturelle de l'huile et refroidissement forc\u00e9 par air) pour les transformateurs OLTC \u00e0 immersion d'huile de Kete repose essentiellement sur l'ad\u00e9quation entre les besoins en dissipation thermique du transformateur et les conditions r\u00e9elles de dissipation thermique. Plus pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment, ce choix peut \u00eatre \u00e9valu\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re exhaustive \u00e0 partir des cinq crit\u00e8res cl\u00e9s suivants :<\/p><p><strong>\u2460<\/strong><strong>Puissance nominale d'un transformateur et production de chaleur due aux pertes<\/strong><\/p><p>C'est le principe fondamental. La chaleur g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9e par un transformateur provient principalement des pertes dans le cuivre (pertes en charge) et des pertes dans le fer (pertes \u00e0 vide). Plus la puissance est \u00e9lev\u00e9e, plus les pertes sont importantes et plus les besoins en dissipation thermique sont \u00e9lev\u00e9s :<\/p><p><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>Transformateurs de faible puissance (\u00e0 faibles pertes) :<\/strong><\/p><p>Lorsque la puissance nominale est faible (par exemple, \u2264 500 kVA pour la classe 10 kV, \u2264 1 000 kVA pour la classe 35 kV), la chaleur g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9e par les pertes est faible. La chaleur peut \u00eatre dissip\u00e9e par la convection naturelle de l\u2019huile du transformateur (l\u2019huile chaude monte, l\u2019huile froide descend) et par la convection naturelle entre le carter\/radiateur et l\u2019air, sans qu\u2019il soit n\u00e9cessaire de recourir \u00e0 un \u00e9quipement de refroidissement suppl\u00e9mentaire. C\u2019est pourquoi le mode ONAN est privil\u00e9gi\u00e9.<\/p><p><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>Transformateurs de moyenne et grande capacit\u00e9 (\u00e0 pertes \u00e9lev\u00e9es) :<\/strong><\/p><p>Lorsque la puissance d\u00e9passe la plage indiqu\u00e9e ci-dessus (par exemple, \u2265 800 kVA pour la classe 10 kV, \u2265 1 600 kVA pour la classe 35 kV), les pertes augmentent consid\u00e9rablement et le taux de dissipation thermique naturel ne suffit plus \u00e0 compenser la production de chaleur. Cela peut entra\u00eener un d\u00e9passement des limites fix\u00e9es par les normes nationales en mati\u00e8re de temp\u00e9rature de l\u2019huile (g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement, une \u00e9l\u00e9vation maximale de la temp\u00e9rature de l\u2019huile \u2264 55 K ou 60 K). Dans de tels cas, il est n\u00e9cessaire d\u2019utiliser des ventilateurs pour forcer la circulation de l\u2019air et acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer la dissipation thermique ; c\u2019est pourquoi on opte pour un ONAF.<\/p><p>\u2461<strong>Caract\u00e9ristiques de charge en service<\/strong><\/p><p>Le taux de charge r\u00e9el et le mode de fonctionnement du transformateur ont une incidence directe sur les exigences en mati\u00e8re de dissipation thermique :<\/p><p><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>Faible taux de charge ou fonctionnement intermittent :<\/strong><\/p><p>Si le transformateur fonctionne \u00e0 faible charge pendant une longue p\u00e9riode (taux de charge &lt; 50%) ou s&#039;il ne fonctionne que pendant de br\u00e8ves p\u00e9riodes de pointe (par exemple, les transformateurs de distribution en milieu rural), m\u00eame si sa capacit\u00e9 est l\u00e9g\u00e8rement sup\u00e9rieure, la production de chaleur r\u00e9elle reste faible. La capacit\u00e9 naturelle de dissipation thermique de l\u2019ONAN permet de r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande, et il n\u2019est pas n\u00e9cessaire de gaspiller de l\u2019\u00e9nergie avec des ventilateurs. C\u2019est donc l\u2019ONAN qui est retenu.<\/p><p><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>Taux de charge \u00e9lev\u00e9 ou fonctionnement continu \u00e0 pleine charge :<\/strong><\/p><p>Pour les transformateurs situ\u00e9s dans les parcs industriels, les r\u00e9seaux de distribution urbains centraux et d\u2019autres \u00e9quipements fonctionnant \u00e0 pleine charge pendant de longues p\u00e9riodes ou soumis \u00e0 d\u2019importantes fluctuations de charge (n\u00e9cessitant de faire face \u00e0 des surcharges de courte dur\u00e9e), la production de chaleur reste \u00e9lev\u00e9e. Le syst\u00e8me ONAN ne permet pas de r\u00e9pondre aux exigences en mati\u00e8re de dissipation thermique ; le refroidissement par air forc\u00e9 de l\u2019ONAF, assur\u00e9 par des ventilateurs, est donc n\u00e9cessaire. M\u00eame en cas de surcharge, les ventilateurs permettent d\u2019am\u00e9liorer la capacit\u00e9 de dissipation thermique (prenant g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement en charge des surcharges de courte dur\u00e9e comprises entre 10% et 20%). C\u2019est pourquoi le syst\u00e8me ONAF est retenu.<\/p><p><strong>\u2462<\/strong><strong>Environnement d'installation et conditions de dissipation thermique<\/strong><\/p><p>Les facteurs environnementaux ont une incidence directe sur l'efficacit\u00e9 de la dissipation thermique naturelle, et les m\u00e9thodes de refroidissement doivent \u00eatre adapt\u00e9es en fonction des situations :<\/p><p><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>Environnements bien ventil\u00e9s et \u00e0 basse temp\u00e9rature :<\/strong><\/p><p>Si le transformateur est install\u00e9 dans un espace ext\u00e9rieur \u00e0 ciel ouvert, en haute altitude (faible densit\u00e9 de l'air mais bonne ventilation) ou dans une r\u00e9gion froide, l'efficacit\u00e9 de la dissipation thermique par convection naturelle est \u00e9lev\u00e9e. M\u00eame si la puissance est proche de la valeur critique, il est possible de privil\u00e9gier le mode ONAN.<\/p><p><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>Environnements mal ventil\u00e9s et \u00e0 haute temp\u00e9rature :<\/strong><\/p><p>En cas d'installation dans des locaux de distribution ferm\u00e9s, des sous-sols, des r\u00e9gions tropicales ou des environnements industriels fortement pollu\u00e9s par la poussi\u00e8re ou l'huile, la dissipation naturelle de la chaleur est entrav\u00e9e. M\u00eame avec une puissance l\u00e9g\u00e8rement inf\u00e9rieure, la temp\u00e9rature de l'huile peut augmenter de mani\u00e8re excessive en raison des mauvaises conditions de dissipation thermique. Dans de tels cas, il est n\u00e9cessaire de passer \u00e0 la version ONAF afin de compenser les inconv\u00e9nients li\u00e9s \u00e0 l'environnement gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 une circulation d'air forc\u00e9e par des ventilateurs.<\/p><p>\u2463<strong>Co\u00fbt et besoins en mati\u00e8re d'entretien<\/strong><\/p><p>Il existe des diff\u00e9rences significatives entre les deux m\u00e9thodes de refroidissement en termes de co\u00fbts initiaux et de co\u00fbts d'exploitation et d'entretien :<\/p><p><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>Avantages d'ONAN :<\/strong><\/p><p>Il ne comporte ni ventilateur ni circuit de commande, ce qui se traduit par une structure plus simple. Son co\u00fbt d'acquisition initial est faible (5%-10% inf\u00e9rieur \u00e0 celui d'un ONAF de m\u00eame capacit\u00e9), et il ne n\u00e9cessite aucun entretien du moteur, ce qui rend les co\u00fbts d'exploitation et de maintenance \u00e0 long terme pratiquement nuls. Il convient aux situations o\u00f9 le co\u00fbt est un facteur d\u00e9terminant et o\u00f9 les ressources d\u2019entretien sont limit\u00e9es (par exemple, les r\u00e9seaux \u00e9lectriques ruraux, les petits transformateurs d\u2019abonn\u00e9s).<\/p><p><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>Inconv\u00e9nients et n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de l'ONAF :<\/strong><\/p><p>Cela n\u00e9cessite une configuration suppl\u00e9mentaire des ventilateurs, des thermostats et des circuits \u00e9lectriques, ce qui entra\u00eene des co\u00fbts initiaux plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s. Les moteurs des ventilateurs doivent faire l\u2019objet d\u2019inspections r\u00e9guli\u00e8res (nettoyage de la poussi\u00e8re, lubrification des roulements), ce qui implique une certaine charge de travail d\u2019entretien et une consommation d\u2019\u00e9nergie (la puissance des ventilateurs est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement de l\u2019ordre de quelques dizaines \u00e0 quelques centaines de watts). Toutefois, pour les transformateurs de moyenne et grande capacit\u00e9 ou ceux dont les conditions de dissipation thermique sont insuffisantes, ces co\u00fbts doivent \u00eatre assum\u00e9s afin de garantir un fonctionnement s\u00fbr. Ainsi, l\u2019ONAF constitue un \u201c choix n\u00e9cessaire \u201d plut\u00f4t qu\u2019un \u201c choix ax\u00e9 sur les co\u00fbts \u201d.\u201d<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2184\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"5\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2184\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> 5. Quelle est la dur\u00e9e de vie des transformateurs OLTC \u00e0 huile de la marque Kete ?  <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-down\" viewbox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M143 352.3L7 216.3c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l22.6-22.6c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l96.4 96.4 96.4-96.4c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l22.6 22.6c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-136 136c-9.2 9.4-24.4 9.4-33.8 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewbox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2184\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b6302b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3b6302b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4da9555 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4da9555\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Conform\u00e9ment aux normes internationales (telles que la norme CEI 60076), la dur\u00e9e de vie nominale des transformateurs OLTC \u00e0 huile Kete est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement estim\u00e9e \u00e0 20 ans. Il s'agit de la dur\u00e9e de vie pr\u00e9vue dans des conditions id\u00e9ales (\u201c conditions de fonctionnement normales + entretien r\u00e9gulier \u201d), qui correspond au temps n\u00e9cessaire pour que les composants essentiels (noyau de fer, enroulements, huile isolante) vieillissent jusqu'\u00e0 atteindre un \u00e9tat critique dans le cadre des param\u00e8tres de conception.<\/p><p>Plage de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence pratique dans l'industrie : dans les applications r\u00e9elles du r\u00e9seau \u00e9lectrique ou industrielles, il s'agit d'un indicateur dynamique influenc\u00e9 par de multiples facteurs tels que les normes de conception, les conditions d'exploitation et les niveaux de maintenance. La dur\u00e9e de vie des transformateurs peut g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement atteindre 20 \u00e0 40 ans.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2185\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"6\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2185\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> 6. Quels sont les facteurs qui influent sur la dur\u00e9e de vie des transformateurs \u00e0 huile OLTC de Kete ? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-down\" viewbox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M143 352.3L7 216.3c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l22.6-22.6c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l96.4 96.4 96.4-96.4c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l22.6 22.6c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-136 136c-9.2 9.4-24.4 9.4-33.8 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewbox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2185\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d41fa9f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d41fa9f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0fd938a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0fd938a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La dur\u00e9e de vie des transformateurs \u00e9quip\u00e9s d'un changeur de prises en charge (OLTC) est d\u00e9termin\u00e9e par les effets combin\u00e9s de multiples facteurs intervenant au niveau de la conception, de l'exploitation, de la maintenance et d'autres \u00e9tapes. Les principaux facteurs d'influence peuvent \u00eatre class\u00e9s en quatre grandes cat\u00e9gories : la qualit\u00e9 de l'\u00e9quipement lui-m\u00eame, les conditions d'exploitation, la gestion de la maintenance et l'environnement ext\u00e9rieur.<\/p><p>\u2460<strong>Facteurs de qualit\u00e9 des \u00e9quipements (fondement intrins\u00e8que de la dur\u00e9e de vie)<\/strong><\/p><p>La conception, les mat\u00e9riaux et les proc\u00e9d\u00e9s de fabrication des \u00e9quipements en usine d\u00e9terminent directement leur \u201c dur\u00e9e de vie maximale intrins\u00e8que \u201d. Les principaux facteurs d'influence et les probl\u00e8mes qui y sont li\u00e9s sont les suivants :<\/p><p><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>Qualit\u00e9 du changeur de prises en charge (OLTC)<\/strong><\/p><p>L'OLTC est le composant central d'un transformateur OLTC (permettant la r\u00e9gulation de tension en charge), et ses d\u00e9fauts de qualit\u00e9 constituent le principal facteur intrins\u00e8que entra\u00eenant une r\u00e9duction de sa dur\u00e9e de vie :<\/p><p>Mat\u00e9riau des contacts : si l'on utilise des alliages de cuivre ordinaires \u00e0 la place d'alliages d'argent ou d'alliages cuivre-tungst\u00e8ne (qui offrent une conductivit\u00e9 et une r\u00e9sistance \u00e0 l'usure \u00e9lev\u00e9es), le taux d'usure des contacts s'acc\u00e9l\u00e9rera, la r\u00e9sistance de contact augmentera et une surchauffe prolong\u00e9e entra\u00eenera une ablation.<\/p><p>Structure d'isolation : en cas de pr\u00e9sence de bulles ou d'impuret\u00e9s dans les cylindres d'isolation ou les canaux d'huile isolante, ou si la r\u00e9sistance thermique des mat\u00e9riaux isolants (par exemple, la r\u00e9sine \u00e9poxy) est insuffisante (inf\u00e9rieure \u00e0 la norme de 105 \u00b0C pour une isolation de classe A), une d\u00e9faillance est susceptible de se produire pendant le fonctionnement, provoquant des d\u00e9charges partielles.<\/p><p>Performances d'\u00e9tanch\u00e9it\u00e9 : si la pr\u00e9cision d'usinage des surfaces d'\u00e9tanch\u00e9it\u00e9 de l'OLTC (par exemple, les brides, les joints d'\u00e9tanch\u00e9it\u00e9 d'arbre) est insuffisante, des fuites d'huile isolante se produiront, permettant \u00e0 l'humidit\u00e9 et aux impuret\u00e9s de p\u00e9n\u00e9trer et acc\u00e9l\u00e9rant ainsi le vieillissement de l'isolation.<\/p><p><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>Qualit\u00e9 du noyau en fer et des enroulements<\/strong><\/p><p>T\u00f4les d'acier au silicium du noyau de fer : des espaces excessifs entre les t\u00f4les d'acier au silicium empil\u00e9es ou des rev\u00eatements isolants endommag\u00e9s augmentent les pertes dans le fer (pertes par courants de Foucault et pertes par hyst\u00e9r\u00e9sis), ce qui entra\u00eene une surchauffe \u00e0 long terme du noyau de fer et un vieillissement acc\u00e9l\u00e9r\u00e9 de la peinture isolante.<\/p><p>Conducteurs d'enroulement et isolation : des sections transversales irr\u00e9guli\u00e8res ou des soudures insuffisantes au niveau des conducteurs entra\u00eeneront une densit\u00e9 de courant locale excessivement \u00e9lev\u00e9e.<\/p><p>Le papier isolant (par exemple, le papier pour c\u00e2bles ou le papier cr\u00eap\u00e9) pr\u00e9sentant une faible densit\u00e9 de fibres et une mauvaise r\u00e9sistance au vieillissement deviendra rapidement cassant \u00e0 des temp\u00e9ratures \u00e9lev\u00e9es, ce qui r\u00e9duira la dur\u00e9e de vie de l'isolation des enroulements.<\/p><p><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>Qualit\u00e9 de l'huile isolante<\/strong><\/p><p>Si l'huile isolante n'est pas soumise, en usine, \u00e0 des proc\u00e9d\u00e9s rigoureux de d\u00e9gazage, de d\u00e9shydratation et d'\u00e9limination des impuret\u00e9s (par exemple, pertes di\u00e9lectriques excessives, tension de claquage inf\u00e9rieure \u00e0 35 kV\/2,5 mm), ses performances isolantes globales s'en trouveront directement r\u00e9duites, ce qui cr\u00e9era des risques cach\u00e9s de d\u00e9charges partielles et de claquage des enroulements pendant le fonctionnement.<\/p><p>\u2461<strong>Facteurs li\u00e9s aux conditions d'exploitation (facteurs acquis acc\u00e9l\u00e9rant la perte de vie)<\/strong><\/p><p>Si des param\u00e8tres de fonctionnement tels que la charge, la tension et la temp\u00e9rature d\u00e9passent la plage de conception, le vieillissement des \u00e9quipements s'acc\u00e9l\u00e9rera consid\u00e9rablement, ce qui en fait les principaux facteurs acquis influant sur la dur\u00e9e de vie :<\/p><p><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>Fonctionnement en surcharge prolong\u00e9e<\/strong><\/p><p>Lorsque le facteur de charge d\u00e9passe la valeur nominale (par exemple, en cas de fonctionnement prolong\u00e9 au-del\u00e0 de 120%), les pertes dans le cuivre des enroulements (P = I\u00b2R) augmentent proportionnellement au carr\u00e9 du courant, ce qui entra\u00eene une forte hausse de la temp\u00e9rature des enroulements :<\/p><p>Si la temp\u00e9rature des enroulements d\u00e9passe la limite maximale autoris\u00e9e de 105 \u00b0C pour une isolation de classe A (avec des temp\u00e9ratures ponctuelles pouvant m\u00eame atteindre 120 \u00b0C ou plus), le degr\u00e9 de polym\u00e9risation du papier isolant diminuera rapidement (d\u2019environ 50 \u00e0 100 par an), ce qui pourrait r\u00e9duire la dur\u00e9e de vie normale (20 \u00e0 30 ans) \u00e0 moins de 10 ans.<\/p><p>La surcharge augmente \u00e9galement l'intensit\u00e9 du courant traversant les contacts de l'OLTC, ce qui accentue l'ablation par arc \u00e9lectrique et double l'usure des contacts.<\/p><p><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>Impact des variations de tension et des harmoniques<\/strong><\/p><p>Surtension prolong\u00e9e : si la tension du syst\u00e8me d\u00e9passe de plus de 5% la valeur nominale, la densit\u00e9 de flux magn\u00e9tique du noyau de fer atteindra la saturation, ce qui augmentera les pertes dans le fer et provoquera une surchauffe du noyau. Parall\u00e8lement, l'intensit\u00e9 du champ \u00e9lectrique support\u00e9e par l'isolation des enroulements augmentera, acc\u00e9l\u00e9rant ainsi le vieillissement de l'isolation.<\/p><p>Pollution harmonique : les courants harmoniques (par exemple, les harmoniques de 3e et 5e ordre) augmentent les pertes dans les enroulements et les pertes dans le noyau de fer, ce qui entra\u00eene une surchauffe locale. Parall\u00e8lement, les tensions harmoniques acc\u00e9l\u00e8rent le vieillissement \u00e9lectrique de l'isolation (par exemple, augmentation des d\u00e9charges partielles).<\/p><p><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>Fr\u00e9quence et m\u00e9thode de changement de prise<\/strong><\/p><p>Changements fr\u00e9quents de prise : si le changement de prise est effectu\u00e9 plus de 20 fois par jour, les contacts du transformateur \u00e0 prise en ligne (OLTC) seront fr\u00e9quemment soumis \u00e0 des cycles de connexion\/d\u00e9connexion du courant. Chaque op\u00e9ration g\u00e9n\u00e8re un arc \u00e9lectrique, ce qui acc\u00e9l\u00e8re l'usure des contacts (la dur\u00e9e de vie normale des contacts est d'environ 100 000 op\u00e9rations, mais elle peut \u00eatre r\u00e9duite \u00e0 moins de 30 000 op\u00e9rations en cas d'utilisation fr\u00e9quente).<\/p><p>Fluctuations de charge lors du changement de prise : les pics de charge soudains (par exemple, le d\u00e9marrage d'un moteur) survenant pendant le changement de prise peuvent entra\u00eener un mauvais contact entre les contacts, g\u00e9n\u00e9rant des \u201c d\u00e9charges d'\u00e9tincelles \u201d et endommageant davantage les contacts et l'isolation.<\/p><p><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>Choc thermique et choc de diff\u00e9rence de temp\u00e9rature<\/strong><\/p><p>Temp\u00e9rature ambiante excessivement \u00e9lev\u00e9e : En \u00e9t\u00e9, pour les transformateurs install\u00e9s \u00e0 l'ext\u00e9rieur, si la temp\u00e9rature ambiante d\u00e9passe 40 \u00b0C, la temp\u00e9rature maximale de l'huile du transformateur augmentera (d\u00e9passant la limite admissible de 85 \u00b0C), ce qui acc\u00e9l\u00e9rera le taux d'oxydation de l'huile isolante (le taux d'oxydation double pour chaque augmentation de temp\u00e9rature de 10 \u00b0C) et d\u00e9t\u00e9riorera la qualit\u00e9 de l'huile.<\/p><p>\u00c9cart de temp\u00e9rature jour-nuit excessif : dans le nord de la Chine, au printemps et en automne, si l'\u00e9cart de temp\u00e9rature entre le jour et la nuit d\u00e9passe 20 \u00b0C, cela entra\u00eene une dilatation et une contraction thermiques des composants tels que le r\u00e9servoir d'huile et les bagues, ce qui cr\u00e9e des micro-fentes au niveau des surfaces d'\u00e9tanch\u00e9it\u00e9 et provoque des fuites d'huile isolante ainsi que la p\u00e9n\u00e9tration d'humidit\u00e9.<\/p><p>\u2462<strong>Facteurs li\u00e9s \u00e0 la gestion de la maintenance (v\u00e9rification de la conformit\u00e9 de la dur\u00e9e de vie aux normes)<\/strong><\/p><p>L'absence d'entretien technique acc\u00e9l\u00e8re la d\u00e9t\u00e9rioration des \u00e9quipements et constitue un facteur humain d\u00e9terminant qui entra\u00eene une r\u00e9duction de leur dur\u00e9e de vie :<\/p><p><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>Entretien insuffisant de l'huile isolante<\/strong><\/p><p>Contr\u00f4les trop espac\u00e9s de la qualit\u00e9 de l'huile : le fait de ne pas contr\u00f4ler les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s de l'huile isolante (par exemple, la perte di\u00e9lectrique, la tension de claquage, la teneur en humidit\u00e9) tous les six mois, conform\u00e9ment aux normes, entra\u00eenera une d\u00e9t\u00e9rioration non d\u00e9tect\u00e9e de l'huile (par exemple, augmentation de l'indice d'acide, formation de boues), ce qui conduira \u00e0 une d\u00e9gradation continue des performances d'isolation.<\/p><p>Retard dans la vidange ou la filtration de l'huile : lorsque la qualit\u00e9 de l'huile d\u00e9passe les limites normalis\u00e9es (par exemple, teneur en humidit\u00e9 &gt; 30 ppm), le fait de ne pas proc\u00e9der \u00e0 une filtration sous vide ou \u00e0 une vidange de l'huile entra\u00eene la contamination de l'isolation des enroulements par les impuret\u00e9s pr\u00e9sentes dans l'huile, ce qui intensifie les d\u00e9charges partielles.<\/p><p><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>Entretien insuffisant de l'OLTC<\/strong><\/p><p>Inspection des contacts peu fr\u00e9quente : si l'on ne proc\u00e8de pas au d\u00e9montage et \u00e0 l'inspection de l'usure des contacts de l'OLTC tous les 2 \u00e0 3 ans, les contacts pr\u00e9sentant une usure excessive continueront de fonctionner, ce qui augmentera la r\u00e9sistance de contact et entra\u00eenera \u00e0 long terme une surchauffe et une ablation.<\/p><p>Non-remplacement du milieu d'extinction d'arc : Si les chambres d'extinction d'arc du commutateur de prise en ligne (OLTC) (par exemple, les chambres d'extinction d'arc sous vide ou les chambres d'extinction d'arc \u00e0 immersion d'huile) ne sont pas remplac\u00e9es conform\u00e9ment \u00e0 leur dur\u00e9e de vie (environ 20 ans pour les chambres d'extinction d'arc sous vide), la capacit\u00e9 d'extinction d'arc diminuera. Les arcs ne peuvent alors pas \u00eatre \u00e9teints rapidement lors du changement de prise, ce qui entra\u00eene l'ablation des contacts.<\/p><p><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>Pannes du syst\u00e8me de refroidissement non trait\u00e9es<\/strong><\/p><p>Encrassement du radiateur : le fait de ne pas nettoyer r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement (une fois par trimestre) la poussi\u00e8re et les taches d'huile pr\u00e9sentes sur les surfaces du radiateur r\u00e9duit l'efficacit\u00e9 de la dissipation thermique, ce qui entra\u00eene une augmentation de la temp\u00e9rature maximale de l'huile de 5 \u00e0 10 \u00b0C et acc\u00e9l\u00e8re le vieillissement de l'isolation.<\/p><p>Dysfonctionnements des ventilateurs et des pompes \u00e0 huile : dans le cas des transformateurs \u00e0 circulation d'huile forc\u00e9e et refroidis par air (OFAF), toute r\u00e9paration non programm\u00e9e des ventilateurs ou des pompes \u00e0 huile endommag\u00e9s entra\u00eene une perte de capacit\u00e9 de refroidissement, provoquant une hausse soudaine de la temp\u00e9rature de l'huile en peu de temps et conduisant \u00e0 des dommages au niveau de l'isolation.<\/p><p><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>Absence de d\u00e9pistages pr\u00e9ventifs<\/strong><\/p><p>Tests d'isolation peu fr\u00e9quents : le fait de ne pas effectuer, tous les 1 \u00e0 2 ans, des mesures de r\u00e9sistance en courant continu des enroulements, des tests de perte di\u00e9lectrique et des contr\u00f4les de d\u00e9tection des d\u00e9charges partielles laisse des risques cach\u00e9s (par exemple, des courts-circuits entre spires, des ruptures d'isolation) non d\u00e9tect\u00e9s, ce qui conduit in\u00e9vitablement \u00e0 des d\u00e9faillances.<\/p><p>Courant de mise \u00e0 la terre du noyau de fer non surveill\u00e9 : si le courant de mise \u00e0 la terre du noyau de fer d\u00e9passe 100 mA (il devrait normalement \u00eatre inf\u00e9rieur \u00e0 10 mA) sans intervention, une surchauffe locale du noyau de fer se produira, entra\u00eenant l'ablation de la peinture isolante.<\/p><p>\u2463<strong>Facteurs li\u00e9s \u00e0 l'environnement ext\u00e9rieur (facteurs acc\u00e9l\u00e9rant la perte de dur\u00e9e de vie)<\/strong><\/p><p>Les polluants, les catastrophes naturelles et d'autres facteurs li\u00e9s \u00e0 l'environnement ext\u00e9rieur provoquent une d\u00e9t\u00e9rioration directe des \u00e9quipements, acc\u00e9l\u00e9rant ainsi leur vieillissement :<\/p><p><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>Contamination et corrosion<\/strong><\/p><p>Poussi\u00e8re industrielle \/ brouillard salin c\u00f4tier : ces substances adh\u00e8rent aux surfaces des travers\u00e9es et forment des chemins conducteurs par temps humide, provoquant des d\u00e9charges par claquage au niveau des travers\u00e9es et endommageant l'isolation. Le brouillard salin corrode \u00e9galement les enveloppes m\u00e9talliques des r\u00e9servoirs d'huile et des radiateurs, entra\u00eenant des fuites.<\/p><p>Corrosion chimique : en cas de pr\u00e9sence d'usines chimiques ou d'ateliers d'impression et de teinture \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du transformateur, les gaz acides et alcalins (par exemple, SO\u2082, Cl\u2082) pr\u00e9sents dans l'air corrodent les mat\u00e9riaux isolants et les composants m\u00e9talliques, ce qui r\u00e9duit leur dur\u00e9e de vie.<\/p><p><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>Humidit\u00e9 et taux d'humidit\u00e9<\/strong><\/p><p>Dans les environnements \u00e0 forte humidit\u00e9 (par exemple, une humidit\u00e9 relative sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 85% pendant la saison des pluies dans le sud de la Chine), l'humidit\u00e9 p\u00e9n\u00e8tre \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur des \u00e9quipements par les interstices des joints d'\u00e9tanch\u00e9it\u00e9, ce qui r\u00e9duit la tension de claquage de l'huile isolante (la tension de claquage diminue d'environ 5 kV pour chaque augmentation de 10 ppm de la teneur en humidit\u00e9) et acc\u00e9l\u00e8re la corrosion du noyau de fer et des enroulements.<\/p><p><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>Catastrophes naturelles et impacts externes<\/strong><\/p><p>Coups de foudre : des parafoudres insuffisants ou d\u00e9fectueux permettent aux surtensions dues \u00e0 la foudre d'endommager l'isolation des enroulements, provoquant ainsi des courts-circuits entre spires ou entre phases.<\/p><p>S\u00e9ismes et chocs externes : ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements provoquent un d\u00e9placement du noyau en fer et une d\u00e9formation des enroulements, endommageant ainsi la structure isolante. M\u00eame si aucune d\u00e9faillance imm\u00e9diate ne se produit, des risques cach\u00e9s subsistent, ce qui acc\u00e9l\u00e8re la perte de dur\u00e9e de vie.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2186\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"7\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2186\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> 7. Comment entretenir les transformateurs afin d'optimiser la dur\u00e9e de vie des transformateurs \u00e0 alliage amorphe immerg\u00e9s dans l'huile Kete OLTC ? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-down\" viewbox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M143 352.3L7 216.3c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l22.6-22.6c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l96.4 96.4 96.4-96.4c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l22.6 22.6c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-136 136c-9.2 9.4-24.4 9.4-33.8 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewbox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2186\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-09a50ce e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"09a50ce\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f9d6bbd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f9d6bbd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pour optimiser la dur\u00e9e de vie des transformateurs \u00e9quip\u00e9s d'un changeur de prises en charge (OLTC), une approche \u00e0 deux volets, alliant \u201c contr\u00f4le intrins\u00e8que et gestion acquise \u201d, est n\u00e9cessaire :<\/p><p>\u2460<strong>\u00c9tape de s\u00e9lection :<\/strong> Privil\u00e9giez les \u00e9quipements de haute qualit\u00e9 dot\u00e9s de contacts OLTC en alliage d'argent, d'une classe d'isolation \u00e9lev\u00e9e (par exemple, classe A ou sup\u00e9rieure) et d'une excellente \u00e9tanch\u00e9it\u00e9.<\/p><p>\u2461<strong>Phase d'exploitation :<\/strong> Maintenir le facteur de charge compris entre 80% et 100% de la valeur nominale, \u00e9viter les changements fr\u00e9quents de prise, et surveiller et att\u00e9nuer les harmoniques du r\u00e9seau.<\/p><p>\u2462<strong>Phase de maintenance :<\/strong> Effectuer des contr\u00f4les r\u00e9guliers (conform\u00e9ment \u00e0 la norme DL\/T 574-2010) de la qualit\u00e9 de l'huile, proc\u00e9der \u00e0 la r\u00e9vision de l'OLTC, nettoyer le syst\u00e8me de refroidissement et veiller \u00e0 ce que l'ensemble des essais pr\u00e9ventifs soit r\u00e9alis\u00e9.<\/p><p>\u2463<strong>Contr\u00f4le environnemental :<\/strong> Dans les environnements pollu\u00e9s ou \u00e0 forte humidit\u00e9, appliquez des rev\u00eatements anti-pollution anti-d\u00e9charge sur les travers\u00e9es et installez des capots \u00e9tanches \u00e0 l'humidit\u00e9 sur les \u00e9quipements, puis am\u00e9liorez le syst\u00e8me de protection contre la foudre et de mise \u00e0 la terre.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2187\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"8\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2187\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> 8. Quels sont les aspects des transformateurs OLTC \u00e0 huile Kete qui peuvent \u00eatre personnalis\u00e9s ? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-down\" viewbox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M143 352.3L7 216.3c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l22.6-22.6c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l96.4 96.4 96.4-96.4c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l22.6 22.6c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-136 136c-9.2 9.4-24.4 9.4-33.8 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewbox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2187\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8387c87 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8387c87\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e6122e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8e6122e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En tant qu'\u00e9l\u00e9ment central du changement de prise en charge, la personnalisation des param\u00e8tres de r\u00e9gulation de tension, des modes et de la logique de contr\u00f4le de la r\u00e9gulation de tension r\u00e9pond directement aux exigences des r\u00e9seaux \u00e9lectriques en mati\u00e8re de r\u00e9gulation de tension et constitue l'axe principal de cette personnalisation :<\/p><p><strong>\u2460<\/strong><strong>Param\u00e8tres et modes de r\u00e9gulation de tension<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>Plage de r\u00e9gulation de tension : <\/strong>Adapt\u00e9 en fonction de l'amplitude des variations du r\u00e9seau \u00e9lectrique.<\/p><p><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>Vitesse de r\u00e9gulation de la tension :<\/strong> Pour les applications de r\u00e9gulation de tension \u00e0 haute fr\u00e9quence (telles que les centrales photovolta\u00efques ou \u00e9oliennes), un \u201c mode de commutation rapide \u201d est mis en place (temps de commutation \u2264 0,5 s) ; pour les r\u00e9seaux \u00e9lectriques classiques, on utilise un \u201c mode de commutation stable \u201d.<\/p><p><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>Type de changeur de prises :<\/strong> Choix en fonction des exigences de capacit\u00e9 et de fiabilit\u00e9 : \u201c type r\u00e9sistif \u201d (adapt\u00e9 \u00e0 une r\u00e9gulation fr\u00e9quente de la tension avec un faible impact) ou \u201c type r\u00e9actif \u201d (adapt\u00e9 aux capacit\u00e9s \u00e9lev\u00e9es et aux tensions \u00e9lev\u00e9es, comme les transformateurs principaux de 220 kV et plus).<\/p><p><strong>\u2461<\/strong><strong>Logique de commande de r\u00e9gulation de tension<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>R\u00e9gulation automatique de la tension :<\/strong> Dot\u00e9 d\u2019un \u201c d\u00e9clenchement par seuil de tension \u201d (par exemple, une augmentation automatique de la tension lorsque celle-ci est inf\u00e9rieure \u00e0 10 kV) et d\u2019une \u201c r\u00e9gulation de tension en fonction de la charge \u201d (ajustement dynamique en fonction du courant de charge afin d\u2019\u00e9viter toute surcharge) ;<\/p><p><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>Logique de protection :<\/strong> Dot\u00e9 d'un \u201c verrouillage de position des prises \u201d (emp\u00eachant la r\u00e9gulation de tension en cas de surchauffe ou de court-circuit) et d'une \u201c auto-r\u00e9cup\u00e9ration en cas de d\u00e9faut \u201d (retour automatique \u00e0 un niveau de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 apr\u00e8s une d\u00e9faillance de commutation).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ff856d elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget-mobile__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0ff856d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>II.<\/strong><strong>Maintenance apr\u00e8s-vente<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-35cf19d elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"35cf19d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;all_collapsed&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;multiple&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-5640\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-5640\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> 1. Que couvre la garantie de Kete pendant la p\u00e9riode de garantie ? Et comment les frais sont-ils pris en charge ? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-down\" viewbox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M143 352.3L7 216.3c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l22.6-22.6c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l96.4 96.4 96.4-96.4c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l22.6 22.6c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-136 136c-9.2 9.4-24.4 9.4-33.8 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewbox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-5640\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8db37d5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8db37d5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87480e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"87480e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La garantie de notre entreprise couvre les d\u00e9faillances de fonctionnement dues \u00e0 des d\u00e9fauts de mat\u00e9riaux ou \u00e0 des probl\u00e8mes li\u00e9s au processus de fabrication, tels que les fuites d'eau au niveau du bo\u00eetier, les d\u00e9faillances d'isolation, le fonctionnement anormal des interrupteurs, etc.<\/p><p>Nous fournissons gratuitement les pi\u00e8ces de rechange n\u00e9cessaires \u00e0 l'entretien et, si n\u00e9cessaire, nous enverrons du personnel technique sur place pour effectuer une inspection et une r\u00e9paration, les frais de d\u00e9placement \u00e9tant \u00e0 la charge du fournisseur.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-5641\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"2\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-5641\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> 2. Kete fournira-t-il des documents d'instructions pour l'installation ? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-down\" viewbox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M143 352.3L7 216.3c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l22.6-22.6c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l96.4 96.4 96.4-96.4c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l22.6 22.6c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-136 136c-9.2 9.4-24.4 9.4-33.8 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewbox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-5641\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f40cd7f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f40cd7f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f33eab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f33eab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pour les transformateurs de grande taille qui n\u00e9cessitent le d\u00e9montage de certains accessoires afin de pouvoir \u00eatre charg\u00e9s dans des conteneurs, nous fournirons une vid\u00e9o d'installation ainsi qu'une version \u00e9lectronique des instructions d'installation.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-5642\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"3\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-5642\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> 3. Si une intervention d'entretien s'av\u00e8re n\u00e9cessaire et que les pi\u00e8ces de rechange sont achet\u00e9es aupr\u00e8s de Kete, quel sera le d\u00e9lai de livraison de ces pi\u00e8ces ? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-down\" viewbox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M143 352.3L7 216.3c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l22.6-22.6c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l96.4 96.4 96.4-96.4c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l22.6 22.6c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-136 136c-9.2 9.4-24.4 9.4-33.8 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewbox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-5642\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a349b2f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a349b2f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7480d7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7480d7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Si le client souhaite acheter des pi\u00e8ces de rechange aupr\u00e8s de notre entreprise, les marchandises peuvent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement \u00eatre exp\u00e9di\u00e9es sous 2 \u00e0 7 jours.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-5643\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"4\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-5643\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> 4. Comment g\u00e9rez-vous les demandes d'intervention d'urgence, et quel est le d\u00e9lai de r\u00e9ponse habituel ? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-down\" viewbox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M143 352.3L7 216.3c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l22.6-22.6c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l96.4 96.4 96.4-96.4c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l22.6 22.6c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-136 136c-9.2 9.4-24.4 9.4-33.8 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewbox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-5643\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-05bb81a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"05bb81a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e882a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e882a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Une assistance technique t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique disponible 24 heures sur 24, 7 jours sur 7, garantissant un d\u00e9lai de r\u00e9solution des pannes inf\u00e9rieur ou \u00e9gal \u00e0 2 heures.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-5644\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"5\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-5644\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> 5. Quel type d'assistance apr\u00e8s-vente Kete est-elle en mesure de fournir, notamment en mati\u00e8re de d\u00e9pannage et de maintenance ? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-down\" viewbox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M143 352.3L7 216.3c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l22.6-22.6c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l96.4 96.4 96.4-96.4c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l22.6 22.6c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-136 136c-9.2 9.4-24.4 9.4-33.8 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewbox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-5644\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0d9ad48 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0d9ad48\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8572058 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8572058\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pendant la p\u00e9riode de garantie, des visites de suivi r\u00e9guli\u00e8res (une fois tous les trois mois) seront effectu\u00e9es afin de v\u00e9rifier l'\u00e9tat de fonctionnement de l'installation et de formuler des recommandations d'entretien.<\/p><p>\u00c0 l'issue de la p\u00e9riode de garantie, nous pouvons vous proposer des services d'entretien \u00e0 vie au prix co\u00fbtant ainsi que la fourniture de pi\u00e8ces de rechange.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-5645\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"6\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-5645\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> 6. Kete propose-t-il des options de contrats de service ou de prolongation de garantie ? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-down\" viewbox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M143 352.3L7 216.3c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l22.6-22.6c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l96.4 96.4 96.4-96.4c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l22.6 22.6c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-136 136c-9.2 9.4-24.4 9.4-33.8 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewbox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-5645\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fee700e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fee700e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26f8b2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"26f8b2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Oui, c'est possible. En r\u00e8gle g\u00e9n\u00e9rale, la dur\u00e9e de garantie de nos produits est d'un an. Si une prolongation de la dur\u00e9e de garantie est n\u00e9cessaire, nous majorerons le prix en appliquant une marge b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiaire d\u00e9termin\u00e9e, calcul\u00e9e par rapport au prix actuel.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-685f6bb elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget-mobile__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"685f6bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u2162.<\/strong><strong>Livraison et paiement<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-400c4e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"400c4e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;all_collapsed&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;multiple&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-6710\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-6710\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> 1. Quels sont les d\u00e9lais de fabrication et de livraison des transformateurs \u00e0 bain d'huile Kete ? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-down\" viewbox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M143 352.3L7 216.3c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l22.6-22.6c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l96.4 96.4 96.4-96.4c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l22.6 22.6c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-136 136c-9.2 9.4-24.4 9.4-33.8 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewbox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-6710\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13a21e2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"13a21e2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a9edb1f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a9edb1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>De mani\u00e8re g\u00e9n\u00e9rale, si le client fournit des plans de conception d\u00e9taill\u00e9s et un cahier des charges pr\u00e9cis, les transformateurs d'une puissance inf\u00e9rieure \u00e0 2 500 kVA peuvent \u00eatre livr\u00e9s dans un d\u00e9lai d'environ 20 jours ; pour les transformateurs d'une puissance sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 2 500 kVA, il faut g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement compter entre 30 et 40 jours. Le d\u00e9lai de livraison exact d\u00e9pend de la complexit\u00e9 du transformateur.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-6711\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"2\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-6711\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> 2. Quel est le conditionnement des transformateurs \u00e0 alliage amorphe immerg\u00e9s dans l'huile de la marque Kete ? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-down\" viewbox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M143 352.3L7 216.3c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l22.6-22.6c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l96.4 96.4 96.4-96.4c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l22.6 22.6c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-136 136c-9.2 9.4-24.4 9.4-33.8 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewbox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-6711\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2e3ee1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b2e3ee1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-563c289 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"563c289\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pour les marchandises en vrac, nous utiliserons des caisses en bois pour l'emballage ; pour les conteneurs complets, nous utiliserons des palettes en bois afin de renforcer l'emballage.<\/p><p>Si vous disposez d'un brevet d\u00fbment enregistr\u00e9, nous pouvons emballer les marchandises dans des cartons portant votre marque apr\u00e8s avoir re\u00e7u vos lettres d'autorisation.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-6712\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"3\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-6712\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> 3. Quelles sont les conditions de paiement pour les transformateurs Kete ? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-down\" viewbox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M143 352.3L7 216.3c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l22.6-22.6c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l96.4 96.4 96.4-96.4c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l22.6 22.6c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-136 136c-9.2 9.4-24.4 9.4-33.8 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewbox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-6712\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-febed70 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"febed70\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-577268c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"577268c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u2460 Virement bancaire (T\/T) : 30% \u00e0 titre d'acompte, et 70% avant la livraison.<\/p><p>\u2461 L\/C \u00e0 vue<\/p><p>\u2462DP \u00e0 vue<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-6713\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"4\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-6713\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> 4. Quelles sont les conditions de livraison pour les exp\u00e9ditions en vrac de transformateurs Kete ? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-down\" viewbox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M143 352.3L7 216.3c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l22.6-22.6c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l96.4 96.4 96.4-96.4c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l22.6 22.6c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-136 136c-9.2 9.4-24.4 9.4-33.8 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewbox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-6713\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84549c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84549c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eb70847 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eb70847\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>EXW, FOB, CFR, CIF ou toute autre condition de livraison demand\u00e9e par les clients.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-40ce24e elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget-mobile__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"40ce24e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u2163.<\/strong><strong>Syst\u00e8mes et certifications<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dee0114 elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"dee0114\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;all_collapsed&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;multiple&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2330\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2330\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> 1. La conception des transformateurs OLTC \u00e0 huile Kete est-elle conforme \u00e0 des normes et certifications sp\u00e9cifiques du secteur ? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-down\" viewbox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M143 352.3L7 216.3c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l22.6-22.6c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l96.4 96.4 96.4-96.4c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l22.6 22.6c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-136 136c-9.2 9.4-24.4 9.4-33.8 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewbox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2330\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1641554 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1641554\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c9d5aa0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c9d5aa0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les transformateurs \u00e0 huile Kete sont conformes \u00e0 diverses normes internationales, normes nationales et syst\u00e8mes de certification essentiels.<\/p><p><strong>\u2460<\/strong><strong>Normes g\u00e9n\u00e9rales : CEI 60076, GB 1094<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>\u2461<\/strong><strong>Principaux syst\u00e8mes de certification<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>Certifications chinoises :<\/strong> Certification CCC, certification du syst\u00e8me ISO<\/p><p><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>Certification europ\u00e9enne :<\/strong> Certification CE<\/p><p><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>Certification am\u00e9ricaine :<\/strong> Certification UL<\/p><p><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>Certification canadienne :<\/strong> Certification GSA<\/p><p><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>Certification russe :<\/strong> Certification GOST<\/p><p><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>Certification africaine :<\/strong> Certification COC<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Un transformateur \u00e0 prise en charge est un transformateur de puissance \u00e9quip\u00e9 d'un commutateur de prises en charge, qui permet de r\u00e9gler les positions des prises en condition de charge afin de maintenir la stabilit\u00e9 de la tension de sortie. Ce transformateur est conforme aux normes GB1094 et GB\/T6451. Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 l'am\u00e9lioration des mat\u00e9riaux, des proc\u00e9d\u00e9s, des structures et d'autres aspects, ses performances \u00e9lectriques ont atteint un niveau de pointe au sein de l'industrie mondiale.<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":5798,"template":"","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"no-sidebar","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"full-width-container","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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SC(B)13 epoxy resin cast dry-type transformer can be used as an upgraded product of oil-immersed distribution transformer."],"_yoast_wpseo_content_score":["30"],"_yoast_wpseo_estimated-reading-time-minutes":["3"],"_elementor_edit_mode":["builder"],"_elementor_template_type":["product-post"],"_elementor_version":["3.31.1"],"_elementor_pro_version":["3.31.0"],"_astra_content_layout_flag":["disabled"],"site-post-title":["disabled"],"ast-title-bar-display":["disabled"],"ast-featured-img":["disabled"],"_wp_page_template":["default"],"_elementor_data":["[{\"id\":\"11e38e9\",\"elType\":\"container\",\"settings\":{\"flex_direction\":\"column\",\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":true}},\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"3df9cea\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"widgetType\":\"nested-tabs\",\"settings\":{\"tabs\":[{\"tab_title\":\"Brief introduction\",\"_id\":\"28ed36e\"},{\"tab_title\":\"Feature\",\"_id\":\"44a77a3\"},{\"tab_title\":\"Structure\",\"_id\":\"4e5d404\"},{\"tab_title\":\"Specification\",\"_id\":\"04585e4\"},{\"tab_title\":\"Diagram\",\"_id\":\"ebc3184\"},{\"tab_title\":\"FAQ\",\"_id\":\"0b0e7cd\"}],\"tabs_title_background_color_background\":\"classic\",\"tabs_title_background_color_hover_color\":\"#0055AA\",\"title_text_color\":\"#000000\",\"__globals__\":{\"title_text_color\":\"globals\\\/colors?id=text\",\"tabs_title_background_color_hover_color\":\"globals\\\/colors?id=primary\",\"tabs_title_background_color_color\":\"globals\\\/colors?id=556a01c\",\"tabs_title_background_color_active_color\":\"globals\\\/colors?id=primary\",\"title_typography_typography\":\"globals\\\/typography?id=d5375a8\"},\"tabs_justify_horizontal\":\"start\",\"tabs_title_space_between_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\",\"sizes\":[]},\"tabs_title_space_between_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\",\"sizes\":[]},\"tabs_title_spacing_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\",\"sizes\":[]},\"tabs_title_spacing_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\",\"sizes\":[]},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_element_custom_width\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":97,\"sizes\":[]}},\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"63d4ba4\",\"elType\":\"container\",\"settings\":{\"_title\":\"Tab #1\",\"content_width\":\"full\",\"flex_direction\":\"column\",\"border_border\":\"solid\",\"border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"1\",\"right\":\"1\",\"bottom\":\"1\",\"left\":\"1\",\"isLinked\":true},\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"50\",\"right\":\"30\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"30\",\"isLinked\":false},\"__globals__\":{\"border_color\":\"globals\\\/colors?id=secondary\"},\"padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"10\",\"right\":\"10\",\"bottom\":\"10\",\"left\":\"10\",\"isLinked\":true}},\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"76c97e8\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"settings\":{\"title\":\"Brief introduction\",\"__globals__\":{\"typography_typography\":\"globals\\\/typography?id=204d764\"}},\"elements\":[],\"widgetType\":\"heading\"},{\"id\":\"40fb5fa\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"settings\":{\"editor\":\"<p><strong>\\u2160<\\\/strong><strong>.Brief introduction<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p><strong>1.<\\\/strong><strong>Standards:<\\\/strong> IEC 60076, GB\\\/T 1094, GB\\\/T 25446-2010<\\\/p><p><strong>2.<\\\/strong><strong>Power Rating:<\\\/strong> 200KVA-2500 kVA<\\\/p><p><strong>3.<\\\/strong><strong>Primary Voltage:<\\\/strong> 10KV<\\\/p><p><strong>4.<\\\/strong><strong>Secondary Voltage:<\\\/strong> 0.4 kV or as required<\\\/p><p><strong>5.Voltage regulation mode:<\\\/strong> On-load tap-changing<\\\/p><p><strong>6.Frequency:<\\\/strong> 50HZ or 60HZ<\\\/p><p><strong>7.<\\\/strong><strong>Type:<\\\/strong> 3 Phase Electric Power Transformer<\\\/p><p><strong>8.<\\\/strong><strong>Connection Type:<\\\/strong> Dyn11, Yyn0, or per client specification<\\\/p><p><strong>9.insulation grade\\uff1a<\\\/strong>A<\\\/p><p><strong>10.Cooling method: <\\\/strong>ONAN<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u2161<\\\/strong><strong>.Working conditions<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p><strong>1.<\\\/strong><strong>Ambient Temperature:<\\\/strong> No more than +40\\u2103 No less than -25\\u2103, The monthly average temperature is no more than +30\\u2103, The yearly average temperature is no more than +20\\u2103<\\\/p><p><strong>2.<\\\/strong><strong>Altitude:<\\\/strong> No more than 1000m.<\\\/p><p><strong>3.<\\\/strong><strong>Relative air humidity:<\\\/strong>\\u226490%<\\\/p><p><strong>4.<\\\/strong><strong>installation site:<\\\/strong> Clean and stable environment, compliance with safe distance requirements, sufficient heat dissipation and ventilation<\\\/p><p><strong>5.Scope of application:<\\\/strong> On-load tap-changing transformers are widely used in fields such as power transmission, distribution systems, and renewable energy. In long-distance power transmission, they can adjust voltage to ensure power stability; in urban or industrial power distribution networks, they can automatically regulate voltage according to load changes; when renewable energy sources like wind and solar energy are connected to the power grid, they can quickly respond to grid changes and guarantee the stable supply of electricity.<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u2162.<\\\/strong><strong>The tests for on-load tap-changing transformer<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p><strong>1.<\\\/strong><strong>Factory Tests (Basic Verification During Manufacturing)<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p>Factory tests are mandatory tests that must be completed before the transformer leaves the factory. They are used to ensure that the product meets design standards and technical agreements, mainly including:<\\\/p><p>\\u2460Insulation tests: Insulation resistance measurement, dielectric loss factor (tan\\u03b4)<\\\/p><p>\\u2461measurement, applied voltage withstand test, induced voltage withstand test.<\\\/p><p>\\u2462Winding DC resistance measurement.<\\\/p><p>\\u2463Transformation ratio test.<\\\/p><p>\\u2464Connection group test.<\\\/p><p>Special tests for on-load tap-changers: Mechanical operation test, transition resistance measurement, switching time measurement.<\\\/p><p><strong>2.<\\\/strong><strong>Type Tests (Comprehensive Performance Assessment for New Products or Major Improvements)<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p>\\u2460Temperature rise test.<\\\/p><p>\\u2461Short-circuit withstand capability test.<\\\/p><p>\\u2462Lightning impulse test.<\\\/p><p>\\u2463Operating impulse test.<\\\/p><p>\\u2464Sound level measurement.<\\\/p><p>\\u2465Zero-sequence impedance measurement.<\\\/p><p><strong>3.<\\\/strong><strong>On-Site Handover Tests (Verification Before Commissioning After Installation)<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p>\\u2460Inspection of appearance and accessories.<\\\/p><p>\\u2461Insulation test.<\\\/p><p>\\u2462On-site operation test of on-load tap-changer.<\\\/p><p>\\u2463Oil quality test.<\\\/p><p>\\u2464Cooling system test.<\\\/p><p><strong>4.<\\\/strong><strong>Preventive Tests (Regular Maintenance and Detection During Operation)<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p>\\u2460Insulating oil test.<\\\/p><p>\\u2461Measurement of winding insulation resistance and dielectric loss.<\\\/p><p>\\u2462Condition detection of on-load tap-changer.<\\\/p><p>\\u2463Mechanical characteristic test.<\\\/p><p>\\u2464Contact wear inspection.<\\\/p><p>\\u2465Core grounding current measurement.<\\\/p><p>\\u2466Infrared thermal imaging detection.<\\\/p><p>The special tests for on-load tap-changers (mechanical operation, transition resistance, switching characteristics) are the core test contents that distinguish them from ordinary transformers.<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u2163<\\\/strong><strong>.On-load tap-changing transformer component inspection<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p>On-load transformers (transformers with tap changers) are key equipment in power systems. Their component inspection must cover two core parts: the transformer itself and the on-load tap changer (OLTC), as well as inspections of auxiliary systems. The following is a detailed classification and explanation of component inspection contents:<\\\/p><p><strong>1.<\\\/strong><strong>Inspection of Core Components of the Transformer Body<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p>The transformer body is the core of electrical energy conversion, and key components such as insulation, iron core, windings, and oil tank need to be focused on:<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u2460<\\\/strong><strong>Winding Inspection<\\\/strong><strong>:<\\\/strong> Include DC resistance test, insulation resistance and absorption ratio \\\/ polarization index test, dielectric loss (tan\\u03b4) test, winding deformation test, partial discharge test<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u2461<\\\/strong><strong>Iron Core Inspection<\\\/strong><strong>:<\\\/strong> Indlude Iron core insulation resistance test and iron core grounding current test<\\\/p><p>The iron core is the core of the magnetic circuit, and multiple grounding or insulation damage must be prevented.<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u2462<\\\/strong><strong>Oil Tank and Accessory Inspection<\\\/strong><strong>:<\\\/strong> Include oil tank tightness inspection, oil conservator and oil level gauge inspection, bushing inspection<\\\/p><p><strong>2.<\\\/strong><strong>Special Inspection of On-Load Tap Changer (OLTC)<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p>OLTC is the core component of on-load transformers, responsible for regulating voltage under load. Its inspection is directly related to the safe operation of the equipment:<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u2460<\\\/strong><strong>Mechanical Characteristic Inspection<\\\/strong><strong>:<\\\/strong> include action sequence test, operating mechanism test, mechanical limit test<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u2461<\\\/strong><strong>Electrical Performance Inspection<\\\/strong><strong>:<\\\/strong> Include contact resistance test, insulation resistance test, partial discharge test during switching, transition resistance test<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u2462<\\\/strong><strong>Oil Quality and Oil Chamber Inspection<\\\/strong><strong>:<\\\/strong> Include OLTC insulation oil inspection and oil chamber tightness inspection<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u2463<\\\/strong><strong>Control and Protection System Inspection<\\\/strong><strong>:<\\\/strong> Include control circuit test and protection function test<\\\/p><p><strong>3.<\\\/strong><strong>Inspection of Insulation Oil and Cooling System<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p><strong>\\u2460<\\\/strong><strong>Insulation Oil Inspection<\\\/strong><strong>:<\\\/strong> Include routine physical and chemical indicators and dissolved Gas Analysis in Oil (DGA)<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u2461<\\\/strong><strong>Cooling System Inspection<\\\/strong><strong>:<\\\/strong> Include radiator\\\/cooler inspection, temperature control system test<\\\/p><p><strong>4.<\\\/strong><strong>Inspection of Other Auxiliary Components<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p><strong>\\u2460<\\\/strong><strong>Pressure relief valve inspection<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p><strong>\\u2461<\\\/strong><strong>Gas relay (breather relay) inspection<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p><strong>\\u2462<\\\/strong><strong>Grounding system inspection<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p>The component inspection of on-load transformers must integrate four dimensions: electrical performance, mechanical characteristics, insulation status, and oil quality analysis. Focus should be placed on core components such as windings, iron cores, and OLTC, while covering auxiliary systems such as cooling, control, and protection. Through regular inspections (such as preventive tests and online monitoring), potential faults can be detected in a timely manner, ensuring the safe and stable operation of transformers.<\\\/p>\",\"paragraph_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":16,\"sizes\":[]},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"20\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"__globals__\":{\"typography_typography\":\"globals\\\/typography?id=d06f507\"}},\"elements\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\"}],\"isInner\":true,\"isLocked\":true},{\"id\":\"2e2154e\",\"elType\":\"container\",\"settings\":{\"_title\":\"Tab #2\",\"content_width\":\"full\",\"border_border\":\"solid\",\"border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"1\",\"right\":\"1\",\"bottom\":\"1\",\"left\":\"1\",\"isLinked\":true},\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"50\",\"right\":\"30\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"30\",\"isLinked\":false},\"__globals__\":{\"border_color\":\"globals\\\/colors?id=secondary\"},\"padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"10\",\"right\":\"10\",\"bottom\":\"10\",\"left\":\"10\",\"isLinked\":true}},\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"0f27574\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"settings\":{\"title\":\"Structural Features\",\"__globals__\":{\"typography_typography\":\"globals\\\/typography?id=204d764\"}},\"elements\":[],\"widgetType\":\"heading\"},{\"id\":\"f30b232\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"settings\":{\"editor\":\"<p><strong>\\u2160.<\\\/strong><strong>Product features<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p>An on-load transformer (i.e., on-load tap-changing transformer) is a type of transformer capable of adjusting output voltage while operating under load. Its core feature revolves around \\\"voltage regulation without power interruption,\\\" combining the basic energy transfer function of a transformer with dynamic voltage adjustment capability.<\\\/p><p><strong>1.<\\\/strong><strong>Core Functional Characteristics:<\\\/strong> Dynamic Voltage Regulation Under Load<\\\/p><p>This is the fundamental difference between on-load transformers and ordinary off-load tap-changing transformers, specifically manifested as:<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u2460<\\\/strong><strong>Continuity and Flexibility of Voltage Regulation<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p>The turns ratio of the primary and secondary coils can be changed via the operating mechanism without disconnecting the load, enabling smooth adjustment of output voltage.<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u2461<\\\/strong><strong>Uninterrupted Energy Transfer<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p>During voltage regulation, the transfer of current between different tap positions is achieved through the switching device of the on-load tap changer (e.g., transition resistors, reactors), ensuring continuous current flow in the primary and secondary coils and uninterrupted power supply to the load.<\\\/p><p><strong>2.<\\\/strong><strong>Structural Design Characteristics:<\\\/strong> Special Tap Changers and Protection Mechanisms<\\\/p><p>The core additional structure of an on-load transformer is the on-load tap changer, whose design directly affects the transformer\\u2019s reliability:<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u2460<\\\/strong><strong>Dual-Group Structure of On-Load Tap Changers<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p>Tap changers typically consist of two parts: a selector switch and a diverter switch. The selector switch pre-selects the target tap position, while the diverter switch completes the current transfer from the current tap to the target tap under load. This dual-group structure reduces arcing and energy loss during switching.<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u2461<\\\/strong><strong>Transition Circuit and Arc-Quenching Design<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p>During switching, transition resistors or reactors are connected to the circuit to limit short-circuit current and switching overvoltage. Meanwhile, vacuum interrupters or oil-immersed arc-quenching structures are used to quickly extinguish arcs generated during switching, preventing contact burnout and extending the switch\\u2019s service life.<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u2462<\\\/strong><strong>Mechanical and Electrical Protection Devices<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p>Equipped with mechanical limiters, electrical interlocks (e.g., to prevent misoperation under load), overload protection, and gas protection (for oil-immersed types). In case of tap changer jamming, overload, or insulation failure, these devices automatically cut off the operating power and issue an alarm to ensure safe operation.<\\\/p><p><strong>3.<\\\/strong><strong>Operational Performance Characteristics:<\\\/strong> Efficiency, Stability, and Response Speed.<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u2460<\\\/strong><strong>Efficiency and Loss Characteristics<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p>During normal operation, its efficiency is comparable to ordinary transformers (95%~99% or higher). However, the tap changer switching process generates minor additional losses (e.g., transition resistor loss, arc loss). These losses are negligible for overall efficiency due to their extremely short duration (millisecond level).<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u2461<\\\/strong><strong>High Voltage Regulation Precision<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p>It can stably output voltage across the load range (from no-load to rated load) with a regulation precision typically reaching \\u00b10.5%~\\u00b11%, meeting the high voltage stability requirements of precision equipment and industrial production lines.<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u2462<\\\/strong><strong>Fast Dynamic Response<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p>The tap changer operates quickly (usually completing switching within seconds after receiving a voltage regulation command), enabling rapid response to grid voltage fluctuations (e.g., sudden load changes, line voltage drop variations) and preventing excessive voltage deviations from damaging equipment.<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u2463<\\\/strong><strong>Short-Circuit and Overload Withstand Capacity<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p>The main body is designed to withstand short circuits like ordinary transformers. The tap changer must pass short-circuit current tests to ensure it remains undamaged during sudden short circuits. It also has a certain overload capacity (e.g., short-term overload of 1.2~1.5 times the rated current) to adapt to grid load fluctuations.<\\\/p><p><strong>4.<\\\/strong><strong>Application Scenario Characteristics:<\\\/strong> Adapting to Grid and Load Requirements<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u2460<\\\/strong><strong>Grid Voltage Regulation and Stabilization<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p>Widely used in transmission and distribution links of power systems: At the transmission end, it compensates for line voltage drops to ensure qualified voltage at the end of long-distance transmission. At the distribution end, it adjusts voltage according to user-side load changes (e.g., peak-valley load differences) to prevent overvoltage or undervoltage.<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u2461<\\\/strong><strong>Adaptation to Industrial and Special Loads<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p>Suitable for voltage-sensitive industrial loads (e.g., precision machine tools, electronic production lines, large motor startups), ensuring stable equipment operation through dynamic voltage regulation. It is also used in new energy power generation systems (e.g., wind, photovoltaic) to compensate for voltage fluctuations during grid connection and improve grid compatibility.<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u2462<\\\/strong><strong>Maintenance and Lifespan Characteristics<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p>The tap changer is a vulnerable component requiring regular maintenance (e.g., cleaning contacts, replacing insulating oil, inspecting transition resistors), with a maintenance cycle typically of 1~3 years and higher maintenance costs than ordinary transformers. However, its overall service life is comparable to ordinary transformers (20~30 years), and proper maintenance can extend its operational cycle.<\\\/p><p>The core characteristics of on-load transformers can be summarized as: on-load voltage regulation without interruption, precise regulation with fast response, complex structure requiring maintenance, and adaptation to grids and sensitive loads. Through the special design of tap changers, they achieve the core function of \\\"voltage regulation without power interruption,\\\" serving as key equipment for voltage stability control in power systems and power supply for complex loads. Regular maintenance is essential to ensure the reliability of tap changers.<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u2161.<\\\/strong><strong>Product <\\\/strong><strong>Advantages<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p>The core advantage of on-load transformers lies in addressing the pain point of traditional off-load transformers, which require power outage during voltage regulation. Here are their main advantages:<\\\/p><p><strong>1.<\\\/strong><strong>Ensuring Power Supply Continuity and Improving Reliability<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p><strong>\\u2460<\\\/strong><strong>Voltage regulation without power outage:<\\\/strong> Unlike traditional off-load transformers, which require disconnecting loads and cutting off power supply when adjusting voltage, on-load transformers can switch tap positions during load operation through the special design of on-load tap changers (such as transition resistors and vacuum arc-extinguishing structures), avoiding power outage accidents caused by voltage regulation.<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u2461<\\\/strong><strong>Reducing losses from power interruptions:<\\\/strong> For places with extremely high requirements for power supply continuity, such as hospitals, data centers, and precision manufacturing industries, on-load transformers effectively reduce economic losses, equipment damage, or safety risks caused by power outages.<\\\/p><p><strong>2.<\\\/strong><strong>Precise and Stable Voltage, Optimizing Power Quality<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p><strong>\\u2460<\\\/strong><strong>Dynamic voltage regulation:<\\\/strong> In power systems, grid voltage may deviate from the rated value due to load fluctuations (e.g., peak\\\/valley electricity consumption), changes in line losses, or instability of new energy generation (wind power, photovoltaic). On-load transformers can quickly adjust tap positions based on real-time voltage monitoring data (switching time is usually within a few seconds) to stabilize the output voltage within the allowable range (general error \\u2264 \\u00b12.5%).<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u2461<\\\/strong><strong>Adapting to complex load scenarios:<\\\/strong> In industrial production, voltage fluctuations caused by impact loads such as large motor startups and welding machine operations can be timely regulated by on-load transformers, ensuring normal equipment operation and reducing product quality issues or equipment failures caused by voltage instability.<\\\/p><p><strong>3.<\\\/strong><strong>Improving Grid Operation Efficiency and Economy<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p><strong>\\u2460<\\\/strong><strong>Reducing line losses:<\\\/strong> When the voltage at the end of the grid is low, line current increases, leading to higher losses (losses are proportional to the square of current). By increasing the output voltage, on-load transformers reduce line current, decrease active power losses, and improve grid transmission efficiency.<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u2461<\\\/strong><strong>Extending equipment lifespan:<\\\/strong> A stable voltage environment reduces insulation aging and mechanical wear of electrical equipment (e.g., motors, transformers, capacitors), extending their service life and lowering maintenance costs and replacement frequency.<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u2462<\\\/strong><strong>Adapting to new energy grid-connection needs:<\\\/strong> New energy generation such as wind and photovoltaic power has volatility and intermittency, which can cause voltage fluctuations at grid-connection nodes. On-load transformers dynamically regulate voltage to ensure stable integration of new energy power into the grid and improve new energy absorption capacity.<\\\/p><p><strong>4.<\\\/strong><strong>Enhancing Grid Flexibility and Regulation Capability<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p><strong>\\u2460<\\\/strong><strong>Flexibly responding to load changes:<\\\/strong> With urban development and industrial upgrading, the growth rate and distribution characteristics of power loads continue to change. On-load transformers can adapt to load demands in different regions and time periods through voltage regulation, optimize grid power distribution, and avoid overload or light-load operation of local grids.<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u2461<\\\/strong><strong>Supporting grid interconnection and upgrading:<\\\/strong> In multi-grid interconnection, old grid transformation, or smart grid construction, the dynamic voltage regulation function of on-load transformers improves grid coordination and compatibility, simplifies grid dispatching \\u96be\\u5ea6\\uff0cand enhances system stability.<\\\/p><p><strong>5.<\\\/strong><strong>Wide Application Scenarios and Strong Practicability<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p>On-load transformers are not only applicable to high-voltage transmission networks and medium-voltage distribution systems but also to scenarios such as industrial enterprise self-owned power stations, rail transit power supply systems, and high-rise building distribution. Their voltage regulation range is usually wide (with multiple tap positions, such as \\u00b13\\u00d72.5%, \\u00b15\\u00d71.25%, etc.), which can meet the needs of different voltage levels and regulation accuracies, making them highly versatile and practical.<\\\/p><p>Through core advantages such as non-outage voltage regulation, precise voltage stabilization, loss reduction and efficiency improvement, and flexible regulation, on-load transformers significantly enhance the reliability, economy, and flexibility of power systems. They are indispensable key equipment in modern power networks, and their role becomes increasingly important especially in the context of growing demands for new energy grid-connection, smart grid construction, and high-quality power supply.<\\\/p>\",\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"20\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"__globals__\":{\"typography_typography\":\"globals\\\/typography?id=d06f507\"},\"paragraph_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":16,\"sizes\":[]}},\"elements\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\"}],\"isInner\":true,\"isLocked\":true},{\"id\":\"764f307\",\"elType\":\"container\",\"settings\":{\"_title\":\"Tab #3\",\"content_width\":\"full\",\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"50\",\"right\":\"30\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"30\",\"isLinked\":false},\"border_border\":\"solid\",\"border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"1\",\"right\":\"1\",\"bottom\":\"1\",\"left\":\"1\",\"isLinked\":true},\"__globals__\":{\"border_color\":\"globals\\\/colors?id=secondary\"},\"padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"10\",\"right\":\"10\",\"bottom\":\"10\",\"left\":\"10\",\"isLinked\":true}},\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"9872304\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"settings\":{\"title\":\"Product structure\",\"__globals__\":{\"typography_typography\":\"globals\\\/typography?id=204d764\"}},\"elements\":[],\"widgetType\":\"heading\"},{\"id\":\"b1b2cc5\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"settings\":{\"editor\":\"<p>The core components of oil-immersed transformers include the iron core, windings, and oil tank. The manufacturing precision of these three components directly affects the performance of the transformer.<\\\/p>\",\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"20\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false}},\"elements\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\"},{\"id\":\"5474a64\",\"elType\":\"container\",\"settings\":{\"boxed_width\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":100,\"sizes\":[]},\"boxed_width_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":\"\",\"sizes\":[]},\"boxed_width_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":\"\",\"sizes\":[]},\"flex_direction\":\"row\",\"flex_align_items\":\"center\",\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false}},\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"24a71fc\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"settings\":{\"editor\":\"<p><strong>\\u2160.<\\\/strong><strong>Core Component Manufacturing<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p><strong>1.<\\\/strong><strong>Iron Core Manufacturing<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p>Silicon steel sheet cutting, iron core lamination, curing, and shaping.<\\\/p><p><strong>2.<\\\/strong><strong>Winding Manufacturing<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p>Conductor processing, winding, and insulation treatment.<\\\/p><p><strong>3.<\\\/strong><strong>On-Load Tap-Changer Manufacturing<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p>Processing of key components, assembly and debugging, insulation and 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Assembly<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p><strong>1.<\\\/strong><strong>Assembly of the transformer body<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p><strong>2.Assembly of <\\\/strong><strong>overall drying<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p><strong>3.A<\\\/strong><strong>ssembly of the oil tank.<\\\/strong><\\\/p>\",\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_family\":\"Arial\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":16,\"sizes\":[]},\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":20,\"sizes\":[]},\"paragraph_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":10,\"sizes\":[]},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"10\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_element_width\":\"initial\",\"_element_custom_width\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":70,\"sizes\":[]},\"__globals__\":{\"typography_typography\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"globals\\\/colors?id=7268ef8\"},\"_element_custom_width_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":100,\"sizes\":[]}},\"elements\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\"}],\"isInner\":true},{\"id\":\"3a0ed7f\",\"elType\":\"container\",\"settings\":{\"boxed_width\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":100,\"sizes\":[]},\"boxed_width_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":\"\",\"sizes\":[]},\"boxed_width_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":\"\",\"sizes\":[]},\"flex_direction\":\"row\",\"flex_align_items\":\"center\",\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false}},\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"8c7e7b3\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"settings\":{\"editor\":\"<p><strong>\\u2162.<\\\/strong><strong>Oil Filling and Vacuum Treatment<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p><strong>1.<\\\/strong><strong>Vacuum oil filling,<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p><strong>2.H<\\\/strong><strong>ot oil circulation.<\\\/strong><\\\/p>\",\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_family\":\"Arial\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":16,\"sizes\":[]},\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":20,\"sizes\":[]},\"paragraph_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":10,\"sizes\":[]},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"10\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_element_width\":\"initial\",\"_element_custom_width\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":70,\"sizes\":[]},\"__globals__\":{\"typography_typography\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"globals\\\/colors?id=7268ef8\"},\"_element_custom_width_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":100,\"sizes\":[]}},\"elements\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\"},{\"id\":\"e8418c8\",\"elType\":\"container\",\"settings\":{\"content_width\":\"full\",\"width\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":30,\"sizes\":[]},\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false}},\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"6b4fa40\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"settings\":{\"image\":{\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ketetransformer.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/08\\\/10kV_35KV_SZ11_On-load_Tap-changing_Distribution_Transformer1_WH_1000x1000px3.webp\",\"id\":4684,\"size\":\"\",\"alt\":\"\",\"source\":\"library\"},\"width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\",\"sizes\":[]},\"width_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\",\"sizes\":[]},\"width_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\",\"sizes\":[]},\"_element_custom_width\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":30,\"sizes\":[]}},\"elements\":[],\"widgetType\":\"image\"}],\"isInner\":true}],\"isInner\":true},{\"id\":\"db9ebd4\",\"elType\":\"container\",\"settings\":{\"boxed_width\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":100,\"sizes\":[]},\"boxed_width_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":\"\",\"sizes\":[]},\"boxed_width_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":\"\",\"sizes\":[]},\"flex_direction\":\"row\",\"flex_align_items\":\"center\",\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"flex_direction_mobile\":\"column-reverse\"},\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"0c75ed8\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"settings\":{\"image\":{\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ketetransformer.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/08\\\/10kV_35KV_SZ11_On-load_Tap-changing_Distribution_Transformer1_WH_1000x1000px4.webp\",\"id\":4685,\"size\":\"\",\"alt\":\"\",\"source\":\"library\"},\"width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\",\"sizes\":[]},\"width_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\",\"sizes\":[]},\"width_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\",\"sizes\":[]},\"_element_width\":\"initial\",\"_element_custom_width\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":40,\"sizes\":[]},\"_element_width_mobile\":\"initial\",\"_element_custom_width_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":393.188},\"_flex_size\":\"none\"},\"elements\":[],\"widgetType\":\"image\"},{\"id\":\"61c2596\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"settings\":{\"editor\":\"<p><strong>\\u2163.<\\\/strong><strong>Testing 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5px;word-break:normal;}\\r\\n.tg th{border-color:black;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px;\\r\\n  font-weight:normal;overflow:hidden;padding:10px 5px;word-break:normal;}\\r\\n.tg .tg-wa1i{font-weight:bold;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle}\\r\\n.tg .tg-nrix{text-align:center;vertical-align:middle}\\r\\n<\\\/style>\\r\\n<table class=\\\"tg\\\"><thead>\\r\\n  <tr>\\r\\n    <th class=\\\"tg-wa1i\\\">Rated Capacity<\\\/th>\\r\\n    <th class=\\\"tg-wa1i\\\">H.V.<\\\/th>\\r\\n    <th class=\\\"tg-wa1i\\\">High-Voltage Tap Range<\\\/th>\\r\\n    <th class=\\\"tg-wa1i\\\">L.V.<\\\/th>\\r\\n    <th class=\\\"tg-wa1i\\\">Connection symbol<\\\/th>\\r\\n    <th class=\\\"tg-wa1i\\\">No-load loss(kw)<\\\/th>\\r\\n    <th class=\\\"tg-wa1i\\\">On-load loss(kw)<\\\/th>\\r\\n    <th class=\\\"tg-wa1i\\\">No-Load Current%<\\\/th>\\r\\n    <th class=\\\"tg-wa1i\\\">Short circuit impedance%<\\\/th>\\r\\n  <\\\/tr><\\\/thead>\\r\\n<tbody>\\r\\n  <tr>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">200<\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\" rowspan=\\\"12\\\">6<br><br><br>6.3<br><br><br>10<br><br><br>10.5<\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\" rowspan=\\\"12\\\">\\u00b14*2.5%<\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\" rowspan=\\\"12\\\">0.4<\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\" rowspan=\\\"12\\\">Dyn11<br><br><br><br>Yyn0<\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">0.38<\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">2.90 <\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">1.00 <\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\" rowspan=\\\"5\\\">4<\\\/td>\\r\\n  <\\\/tr>\\r\\n  <tr>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">250<\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">0.44<\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">3.42 <\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">0.90 <\\\/td>\\r\\n  <\\\/tr>\\r\\n  <tr>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">315<\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">0.53<\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">4.10 <\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">0.90 <\\\/td>\\r\\n  <\\\/tr>\\r\\n  <tr>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">400<\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">0.64<\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">4.95 <\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">0.80 <\\\/td>\\r\\n  <\\\/tr>\\r\\n  <tr>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">500<\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">0.76<\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">6.89 <\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">0.80 <\\\/td>\\r\\n  <\\\/tr>\\r\\n  <tr>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">630<\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">0.96<\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">7.26 <\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">0.60 <\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\" rowspan=\\\"5\\\">4.5<\\\/td>\\r\\n  <\\\/tr>\\r\\n  <tr>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">800<\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">1.12<\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">8.89 <\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">0.60 <\\\/td>\\r\\n  <\\\/tr>\\r\\n  <tr>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">1000<\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">1.36<\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">10.40 <\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">0.60 <\\\/td>\\r\\n  <\\\/tr>\\r\\n  <tr>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">1250<\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">1.56<\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">12.30 <\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">0.50 <\\\/td>\\r\\n  <\\\/tr>\\r\\n  <tr>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">1600<\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">1.92<\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">14.70 <\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">0.50 <\\\/td>\\r\\n  <\\\/tr>\\r\\n  <tr>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">2000<\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">2.27<\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">18.60 <\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">0.40 <\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\">5<\\\/td>\\r\\n  <\\\/tr>\\r\\n  <tr>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">2500<\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">2.68<\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">21.60 <\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">0.40 <\\\/td>\\r\\n  <\\\/tr>\\r\\n<\\\/tbody><\\\/table>   \\r\\n<\\\/thead>\\r\\n<tbody>\\r\\n<\\\/tbody>\\r\\n<\\\/table>\\r\\n<\\\/div>\"},\"elements\":[],\"widgetType\":\"html\"}],\"isInner\":true,\"isLocked\":true},{\"id\":\"53e5531\",\"elType\":\"container\",\"settings\":{\"_title\":\"Tab #3\",\"content_width\":\"full\",\"border_border\":\"solid\",\"border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"1\",\"right\":\"1\",\"bottom\":\"1\",\"left\":\"1\",\"isLinked\":true},\"border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"1\",\"right\":\"1\",\"bottom\":\"1\",\"left\":\"1\",\"isLinked\":true},\"__globals__\":{\"border_color\":\"globals\\\/colors?id=secondary\"},\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"50\",\"right\":\"30\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"30\",\"isLinked\":false},\"padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"10\",\"right\":\"10\",\"bottom\":\"10\",\"left\":\"10\",\"isLinked\":true}},\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"bd32b31\",\"elType\":\"container\",\"settings\":{\"boxed_width\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":\"\",\"sizes\":[]},\"boxed_width_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":\"\",\"sizes\":[]},\"boxed_width_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":\"\",\"sizes\":[]},\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false}},\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"5fe5476\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"settings\":{\"image\":{\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ketetransformer.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/08\\\/11-\\u6cb9\\u53d8\\u6709\\u8f7d-34.5-10-0.4.webp\",\"id\":4877,\"size\":\"\",\"alt\":\"\",\"source\":\"library\"}},\"elements\":[],\"widgetType\":\"image\"}],\"isInner\":true}],\"isInner\":true,\"isLocked\":true},{\"id\":\"a681f0e\",\"elType\":\"container\",\"settings\":{\"_title\":\"Tab #3\",\"content_width\":\"full\",\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"50\",\"right\":\"30\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"30\",\"isLinked\":false},\"border_border\":\"solid\",\"border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"1\",\"right\":\"1\",\"bottom\":\"1\",\"left\":\"1\",\"isLinked\":true},\"__globals__\":{\"border_color\":\"globals\\\/colors?id=secondary\"},\"padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"10\",\"right\":\"10\",\"bottom\":\"10\",\"left\":\"10\",\"isLinked\":true}},\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"11bf213\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"settings\":{\"title\":\"     FAQs\",\"__globals__\":{\"typography_typography\":\"globals\\\/typography?id=204d764\"}},\"elements\":[],\"widgetType\":\"heading\"},{\"id\":\"692e57a\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"settings\":{\"editor\":\"<p><strong>\\u2160.Basic Maintenance Service<\\\/strong><\\\/p>\",\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_family\":\"Arial\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":16,\"sizes\":[]},\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":20,\"sizes\":[]},\"paragraph_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":10,\"sizes\":[]},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"020\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_element_width\":\"initial\",\"_element_custom_width\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":65,\"sizes\":[]},\"__globals__\":{\"typography_typography\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"globals\\\/colors?id=7268ef8\"},\"_element_width_mobile\":\"initial\",\"_element_custom_width_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":100},\"_flex_size\":\"none\"},\"elements\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\"},{\"id\":\"d080af3\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"widgetType\":\"nested-accordion\",\"settings\":{\"items\":[{\"item_title\":\"1.What are the rated voltage and power of the Kete oil-immersed OLTC transformer?\",\"_id\":\"1d2b564\"},{\"item_title\":\"2.What type of cooling system does the Kete oil-immersed OLTC transformer use?\",\"_id\":\"6187cb3\"},{\"item_title\":\"3.How does the cooling system of the Kete oil-immersed OLTC transformer affect its performance under different climatic conditions\\uff1f\",\"_id\":\"9244a66\"},{\"item_title\":\"4.What is the main basis for choosing between ONAN and ONAF cooling methods for kete oil-immersed OLTC transformers?\",\"_id\":\"b474fe0\"},{\"item_title\":\"5.How long is the service life of Kete oil-immersed OLTC transformers? \",\"_id\":\"bab7d20\"},{\"item_title\":\"6.What are the factors that affect the service life of Kete OLTC oil-immersed transformers?\",\"_id\":\"a2a227a\"},{\"item_title\":\"7.How to maintain transformers to maximize the service life of Kete OLTC oil-immersed amorphous alloy transformers?\",\"_id\":\"668e117\"},{\"item_title\":\"8.What aspects of Kete oil-immersed OLTC transformers can be customized?\",\"_id\":\"c15e883\"}],\"accordion_item_title_icon\":{\"value\":\"fas fa-angle-right\",\"library\":\"fa-solid\"},\"accordion_item_title_icon_active\":{\"value\":\"fas fa-angle-down\",\"library\":\"fa-solid\"},\"default_state\":\"all_collapsed\",\"max_items_expended\":\"multiple\",\"accordion_item_title_space_between\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":10,\"sizes\":[]},\"accordion_background_normal_background\":\"classic\",\"accordion_background_normal_color\":\"#F2F2F2\",\"accordion_background_hover_background\":\"classic\",\"accordion_background_hover_color\":\"#0055AA\",\"accordion_background_active_background\":\"classic\",\"accordion_background_active_color\":\"#0055AA\",\"title_typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"title_typography_font_family\":\"Arial\",\"title_typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":14,\"sizes\":[]},\"title_typography_font_weight\":\"600\",\"hover_title_color\":\"#FFFFFF\",\"active_title_color\":\"#FFFFFF\",\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"20\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"__globals__\":{\"title_typography_typography\":\"\",\"accordion_background_hover_color\":\"globals\\\/colors?id=primary\",\"hover_title_color\":\"\",\"active_title_color\":\"\",\"accordion_background_active_color\":\"globals\\\/colors?id=primary\",\"accordion_background_normal_color\":\"globals\\\/colors?id=556a01c\"}},\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"05eeb49\",\"elType\":\"container\",\"settings\":{\"_title\":\"\\u9879\\u76ee #1\",\"content_width\":\"full\",\"background_background\":\"classic\",\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":true},\"__globals__\":{\"background_color\":\"\"}},\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"d60b237\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"settings\":{\"editor\":\"<p><strong>\\u2460<\\\/strong><strong>Primary Voltage (High Voltage Side): <\\\/strong>Typically range from 1 kV to 66 kV, with common ratings like 6kV, 10 kV, 11KV, 20KV, 33 kV, 34.5KV, 35KV<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u2461<\\\/strong><strong>Secondary Voltage (Low Voltage Side): <\\\/strong>Common secondary voltage ratings include:<\\\/p><p>\\u00b7400 V (0.4 kV) for industrial and residential supply<\\\/p><p>\\u00b711 kV or 33 kV<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u2462<\\\/strong><strong>Customization: <\\\/strong>Transformers can be designed for specific applications. If you have specific power requirements or voltage needs, we can specially design and customize transformers to meet your demands.<\\\/p>\",\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"20\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"__globals__\":{\"typography_typography\":\"globals\\\/typography?id=d06f507\"}},\"elements\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\"}],\"isInner\":true,\"isLocked\":true},{\"id\":\"9b6bfdb\",\"elType\":\"container\",\"settings\":{\"_title\":\"\\u9879\\u76ee #1\",\"content_width\":\"full\",\"background_background\":\"classic\",\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":true},\"__globals__\":{\"background_color\":\"\"}},\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"3e23d10\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"settings\":{\"editor\":\"<p>Kete oil-immersed OLTC transformers mainly adopt two common cooling methods: ONAN and ONAF.<\\\/p><p>\\u2460<strong>Scope of Application of ONAN<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p><strong>\\u00b7<\\\/strong><strong>Transformers with small capacity<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p>Typical applicable capacity: Usually used for transformers of 10kV class with 500kVA and below, and 35kV class with 1000kVA and below.<\\\/p><p>Reason: Small-capacity transformers have low losses (small heat generation), and natural heat dissipation can meet the temperature rise requirements, with a simple structure and low cost.<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u00b7<\\\/strong><strong>Scenarios with loose installation environment<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p>Suitable for outdoor open spaces, well-ventilated indoor distribution rooms, or areas with low ambient temperatures.<\\\/p><p>If installed in enclosed spaces (such as basements), additional evaluation of heat dissipation conditions is required, and the cooling method may need to be upgraded.<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u00b7<\\\/strong><strong>Transformers with low load rate or intermittent operation<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p>For transformers that are in a light load state for a long time (load rate &lt; 50%), the heat dissipation capacity of ONAN is sufficient, without wasting energy consumption from forced cooling.<\\\/p><p>\\u2461<strong>Scope of Application of ONAF<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p><strong>\\u00b7<\\\/strong><strong>Medium and large capacity transformers<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p>Typical applicable capacity: 10kV class with 800kVA and above, 35kV class with 1600kVA and above for small and medium-sized transformers.<\\\/p><p>Reason: Medium and large-capacity transformers have high losses (large copper loss and iron loss), and natural heat dissipation cannot meet the temperature rise limit, so fans are needed to assist in enhancing heat dissipation.<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u00b7<\\\/strong><strong>Transformers with high load rate or continuous operation<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p>Suitable for scenarios with long-term full-load operation or large load fluctuations (needing to cope with short-term overload), such as main transformers in industrial plants and hub transformers in urban distribution networks.<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u00b7<\\\/strong><strong>Environments with limited heat dissipation conditions<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p>If the transformer is installed in a poorly ventilated indoor environment or in areas with high ambient temperatures (such as tropical regions), ONAF can make up for the deficiency of natural heat dissipation through forced air cooling, avoiding excessive oil temperature that affects service life.<\\\/p>\",\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"20\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"__globals__\":{\"typography_typography\":\"globals\\\/typography?id=d06f507\"}},\"elements\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\"}],\"isInner\":true,\"isLocked\":true},{\"id\":\"eb6a4dc\",\"elType\":\"container\",\"settings\":{\"_title\":\"\\u9879\\u76ee #1\",\"content_width\":\"full\",\"background_background\":\"classic\",\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":true},\"__globals__\":{\"background_color\":\"\"}},\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"5f1cf45\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"settings\":{\"editor\":\"<p>The impact of ONAN (Oil-Immersed Natural Air Cooling) and ONAF (Oil-Immersed Forced Air Cooling) cooling systems of Kete oil-immersed OLTC transformers on performance under different climatic conditions is as follows:<\\\/p><p>\\u2460<strong>Impact of High-Temperature Climate<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p><strong>\\u00b7<\\\/strong><strong>ONAN Cooling System:<\\\/strong> When the ambient temperature exceeds 40\\u00b0C, the heat dissipation efficiency of the ONAN cooling system decreases significantly, potentially dropping to approximately 60%. This is because high temperatures reduce the viscosity of the oil, weakening its fluidity and thus lowering the efficiency of natural convection heat dissipation. At this point, the winding temperature of the transformer rises rapidly, accelerating insulation aging. According to the Arrhenius law, the insulation life is halved for every 8\\u00b0C increase in temperature. Meanwhile, high temperatures cause a decrease in the magnetic permeability of silicon steel sheets and an increase in eddy current losses, reducing energy efficiency. The transformer may need to be derated; otherwise, there are risks of insulation damage and fire.<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u00b7<\\\/strong><strong>ONAF Cooling System:<\\\/strong> In high-temperature environments, the cooling effect of the fans in the ONAF cooling system diminishes. Although heat dissipation can be enhanced by adding auxiliary cooling equipment, the overall performance is still affected to a certain extent. However, compared to the ONAN cooling system, the ONAF system, with active heat dissipation by fans, achieves higher heat dissipation efficiency under the same high-temperature conditions. It can better control the transformer\\u2019s winding temperature and delay insulation aging.<\\\/p><p>\\u2461<strong>Impact of Low-Temperature Climate<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p><strong>\\u00b7<\\\/strong><strong>ONAN Cooling System:<\\\/strong> In low-temperature environments, such as temperatures below -30\\u00b0C, the viscosity of transformer oil increases sharply, leading to greater circulation resistance. This may cause heat dissipation to stagnate, or even result in oil solidification (the pour point of transformer oil is approximately -45\\u00b0C). In addition, dissolved water in the oil may turn into suspended ice crystals, increasing the risk of partial discharge. During cold startup, mechanical stress may cause welds or insulation to crack due to brittleness. Therefore, in extremely low temperatures, preheating to above 0\\u00b0C is required before commissioning.<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u00b7<\\\/strong><strong>ONAF Cooling System:<\\\/strong> In low-temperature environments, apart from the issue of increased oil viscosity similar to that of ONAN, the ONAF cooling system also faces the risk of fan icing. This can affect the normal operation of the fans and further impair heat dissipation efficiency.<\\\/p><p>\\u2462<strong>Impact of High-Humidity and Salt-Spray Climate<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p><strong>\\u00b7<\\\/strong><strong>ONAN Cooling System:<\\\/strong> In high-humidity environments with humidity exceeding 90%, the moisture content of insulation paper increases, causing the dielectric strength to decrease by approximately 30% and reducing the transformer\\u2019s insulation performance. In salt-spray environments, winding joints are corroded, increasing contact resistance and leading to local overheating, which affects the transformer\\u2019s normal operation and service life.<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u00b7<\\\/strong><strong>ONAF Cooling System:<\\\/strong> High-humidity and salt-spray climates affect the ONAF cooling system similarly to ONAN, mainly causing insulation performance degradation and component corrosion. However, since the ONAF cooling system is equipped with rotating components such as fans, in high-humidity environments, additional attention must be paid to preventing issues such as moisture-induced short circuits in fan motors.<\\\/p>\",\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"20\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"__globals__\":{\"typography_typography\":\"globals\\\/typography?id=d06f507\"}},\"elements\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\"}],\"isInner\":true,\"isLocked\":true},{\"id\":\"8566f20\",\"elType\":\"container\",\"settings\":{\"_title\":\"\\u9879\\u76ee #1\",\"content_width\":\"full\",\"background_background\":\"classic\",\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":true},\"__globals__\":{\"background_color\":\"\"}},\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"d6f876c\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"settings\":{\"editor\":\"<p>The choice between ONAN (Oil Natural Circulation and Air Natural Cooling) and ONAF (Oil Natural Circulation and Air Forced Cooling) cooling methods for Kete oil-immersed OLTC transformers is corely based on the matching between the transformer's heat dissipation requirements and actual heat dissipation conditions. Specifically, it can be comprehensively judged from the following 5 key dimensions:<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u2460<\\\/strong><strong>Transformer Rated Capacity and Heat Generation from Losses<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p>This is the most fundamental basis. The heat generated by a transformer mainly comes from copper losses (load losses) and iron losses (no-load losses). The larger the capacity, the higher the losses and the stronger the heat dissipation demand:<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u00b7<\\\/strong><strong>Small-capacity transformers (low loss):<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p>When the rated capacity is small (e.g., \\u2264500kVA for 10kV class, \\u22641000kVA for 35kV class), the heat generated by losses is small. Heat can be dissipated through the natural convection of transformer oil (hot oil rises, cold oil falls) and the natural convection between the casing\\\/radiator and air, without the need for additional cooling equipment. Therefore, ONAN is preferred.<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u00b7<\\\/strong><strong>Medium and large-capacity transformers (high loss):<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p>When the capacity exceeds the above range (e.g., \\u2265800kVA for 10kV class, \\u22651600kVA for 35kV class), losses increase significantly, and the natural heat dissipation rate cannot match the heat generation. This may cause the oil temperature to exceed national standard limits (usually top oil temperature rise \\u226455K or 60K). In such cases, fans must be used to force air flow and accelerate heat dissipation, so ONAF is chosen.<\\\/p><p>\\u2461<strong>Operating Load Characteristics<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p>The actual load rate and operation mode of the transformer directly affect heat dissipation requirements:<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u00b7<\\\/strong><strong>Low load rate or intermittent operation:<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p>If the transformer operates at light load for a long time (load rate &lt; 50%) or only runs during short-term peak periods (e.g., rural distribution transformers), even if its capacity is slightly larger, the actual heat generation is low. The natural heat dissipation capacity of ONAN can meet the demand, and there is no need to waste energy on fans. Thus, ONAN is selected.<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u00b7<\\\/strong><strong>High load rate or continuous full-load operation:<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p>For transformers in industrial parks, urban core distribution networks, and other equipment that operate at full load for a long time or have large load fluctuations (needing to cope with short-term overload), heat generation remains high. ONAN cannot meet the heat dissipation requirements, so ONAF's forced air cooling via fans is necessary. Even during overload, fans can enhance heat dissipation capacity (usually supporting 10%-20% short-term overload). Hence, ONAF is chosen.<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u2462<\\\/strong><strong>Installation Environment and Heat Dissipation Conditions<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p>Environmental factors directly affect the efficiency of natural heat dissipation, and cooling methods need to be adjusted according to scenarios:<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u00b7<\\\/strong><strong>Well-ventilated and low-temperature environments:<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p>If the transformer is installed in an open outdoor area, high-altitude regions (low air density but good ventilation), or cold areas, the efficiency of natural convection heat dissipation is high. Even if the capacity is close to the critical value, ONAN can be prioritized.<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u00b7<\\\/strong><strong>Poorly ventilated and high-temperature environments:<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p>If installed in enclosed distribution rooms, basements, tropical regions, or industrial environments with heavy dust\\\/oil pollution, natural heat dissipation is hindered. Even with a slightly smaller capacity, oil temperature may rise excessively due to poor heat dissipation conditions. In such cases, upgrading to ONAF is necessary to compensate for environmental defects through forced air flow by fans.<\\\/p><p>\\u2463<strong>Cost and Maintenance Requirements<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p>There are significant differences in initial costs and operation\\\/maintenance costs between the two cooling methods:<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u00b7<\\\/strong><strong>Advantages of ONAN:<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p>It has no fans or control circuits, resulting in a simpler structure. The initial procurement cost is low (5%-10% lower than ONAF of the same capacity), and there is no need for motor maintenance, making long-term operation and maintenance costs almost zero. It is suitable for scenarios sensitive to cost and with limited maintenance resources (e.g., rural power grids, small user transformers).<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u00b7<\\\/strong><strong>Disadvantages and necessity of ONAF:<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p>It requires additional configuration of fans, thermostats, and power circuits, leading to higher initial costs. Fan motors need regular inspection (dust cleaning, bearing lubrication), involving certain maintenance workload and energy consumption (fan power is usually tens to hundreds of watts). However, for medium and large-capacity transformers or those with insufficient heat dissipation conditions, these costs must be borne to ensure safe operation. Thus, ONAF is a \\\"necessary choice\\\" rather than a \\\"cost-priority choice.\\\"<\\\/p>\",\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"20\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"__globals__\":{\"typography_typography\":\"\"},\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_family\":\"Arial\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":16,\"sizes\":[]},\"paragraph_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":20,\"sizes\":[]}},\"elements\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\"}],\"isInner\":true,\"isLocked\":true},{\"id\":\"3b6302b\",\"elType\":\"container\",\"settings\":{\"_title\":\"\\u9879\\u76ee #1\",\"content_width\":\"full\",\"background_background\":\"classic\",\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":true},\"__globals__\":{\"background_color\":\"\"}},\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"4da9555\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"settings\":{\"editor\":\"<p>According to international standards (such as IEC 60076), the design life of Kete oil-immersed OLTC transformers is usually calculated as 20 years. This is the expected service life under the ideal condition of \\\"normal operating conditions + regular maintenance\\\", which refers to the time it takes for core components (iron core, windings, insulating oil) to age to a critical state within the design parameters.<\\\/p><p>Practical industry reference range: In actual power grid or industrial applications, it is a dynamic indicator affected by multiple factors such as design standards, operating conditions, and maintenance levels. The service life of transformers can generally reach 20-40 years.<\\\/p>\",\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"20\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"__globals__\":{\"typography_typography\":\"globals\\\/typography?id=d06f507\"}},\"elements\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\"}],\"isInner\":true,\"isLocked\":true},{\"id\":\"d41fa9f\",\"elType\":\"container\",\"settings\":{\"_title\":\"\\u9879\\u76ee #1\",\"content_width\":\"full\",\"background_background\":\"classic\",\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":true},\"__globals__\":{\"background_color\":\"\"}},\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"0fd938a\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"settings\":{\"editor\":\"<p>The service life of on-load tap-changer (OLTC) transformers is determined by the combined effects of multiple factors across design, operation, maintenance, and other stages. The core influencing factors can be categorized into four major types: equipment quality itself, operating conditions, maintenance management, and external environment.<\\\/p><p>\\u2460<strong>Equipment Quality Factors (Inherent Foundation of Service Life)<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p>The design, materials, and manufacturing processes of the equipment at the factory directly determine its \\\"inherent upper limit of service life\\\". The core influencing components and associated issues are as follows:<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u00b7<\\\/strong><strong>Quality of the On-Load Tap-Changer (OLTC)<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p>The OLTC is the core component of an OLTC transformer (enabling voltage regulation under load), and its quality defects are the primary inherent factor leading to shortened service life:<\\\/p><p>Contact Material: If ordinary copper alloys are used instead of silver alloys\\\/copper-tungsten alloys (which offer high conductivity and wear resistance), the contact wear rate will accelerate, contact resistance will increase, and long-term overheating will cause ablation.<\\\/p><p>Insulation Structure: If there are bubbles or impurities in insulation cylinders or insulation oil channels, or if the temperature resistance level of insulation materials (e.g., epoxy resin) is insufficient (below the 105\\u00b0C standard for Class A insulation), breakdown is likely to occur during operation, triggering partial discharge.<\\\/p><p>Sealing Performance: If the machining accuracy of OLTC sealing surfaces (e.g., flanges, shaft seals) is insufficient, insulation oil leakage will occur, allowing moisture and impurities to enter and accelerating insulation aging.<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u00b7<\\\/strong><strong>Quality of Iron Core and Windings<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p>Iron Core Silicon Steel Sheets: Excessive gaps between stacked silicon steel sheets or damaged insulation coatings will increase iron loss (eddy current loss and hysteresis loss), leading to long-term overheating of the iron core and accelerated aging of insulation paint.<\\\/p><p>Winding Conductors and Insulation: Uneven cross-sections or insufficiently soldered joints of conductors will result in excessively high local current density.<\\\/p><p>Insulation paper (e.g., cable paper, crepe paper) with low fiber density and poor aging resistance will quickly become brittle at high temperatures, shortening the insulation life of windings.<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u00b7<\\\/strong><strong>Quality of Insulation Oil<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p>If insulation oil is not subjected to strict degassing, dehydration, and impurity removal processes at the factory (e.g., excessive dielectric loss, breakdown voltage lower than 35kV\\\/2.5mm), the overall insulation performance will be directly reduced, creating hidden risks of partial discharge and winding breakdown during operation.<\\\/p><p>\\u2461<strong>Operating Condition Factors (Acquired Accelerators of Life Loss)<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p>If operating parameters such as load, voltage, and temperature exceed the design range, equipment aging will be significantly accelerated\\u2014making these the core acquired factors affecting service life:<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u00b7<\\\/strong><strong>Long-Term Overload Operation<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p>When the load factor exceeds the rated value (e.g., long-term operation above 120%), the winding copper loss (P=I\\u00b2R) increases with the square of the current, causing a sharp rise in winding temperature:<\\\/p><p>If the winding temperature exceeds the 105\\u00b0C upper limit allowed for Class A insulation (with hot-spot temperatures even reaching 120\\u00b0C or higher), the degree of polymerization of insulation paper will decrease rapidly (by approximately 50\\u2013100 per year), potentially shortening the normal service life (20\\u201330 years) to less than 10 years.<\\\/p><p>Overload also increases the current through OLTC contacts, intensifying arc ablation and doubling contact wear.<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u00b7<\\\/strong><strong>Impact of Voltage Deviation and Harmonics<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p>Long-Term Overvoltage: If the system voltage is more than 5% higher than the rated value, the iron core magnetic flux density will saturate, increasing iron loss and causing iron core overheating. At the same time, the electric field strength borne by winding insulation will rise, accelerating insulation aging.<\\\/p><p>Harmonic Pollution: Harmonic currents (e.g., 3rd, 5th harmonics) increase additional winding losses and iron core losses, leading to local overheating. Meanwhile, harmonic voltages exacerbate the electrical aging of insulation (e.g., increased partial discharge).<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u00b7<\\\/strong><strong>Tap-Changing Frequency and Method<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p>Frequent Tap-Changing: If tap-changing is performed more than 20 times per day, OLTC contacts will frequently connect\\\/disconnect current. Each operation generates an arc, accelerating contact wear (the normal service life of contacts is approximately 100,000 operations, which can be shortened to less than 30,000 operations with frequent use).<\\\/p><p>Load Fluctuations During Tap-Changing: Sudden load surges (e.g., motor startup) during tap-changing can cause poor contact between contacts, generating \\\"spark discharge\\\" and further damaging contacts and insulation.<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u00b7<\\\/strong><strong>Temperature and Temperature Difference Shock<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p>Excessively High Ambient Temperature: For outdoor transformers in summer, if the ambient temperature exceeds 40\\u00b0C, the top oil temperature of the transformer will rise (exceeding the allowable 85\\u00b0C), accelerating the oxidation rate of insulation oil (the oxidation rate doubles for every 10\\u00b0C increase in temperature) and worsening oil quality.<\\\/p><p>Excessive Day-Night Temperature Difference: In northern China during spring and autumn, if the day-night temperature difference exceeds 20\\u00b0C, thermal expansion and contraction of components such as the oil tank and bushings will occur, creating micro-gaps on sealing surfaces and causing insulation oil leakage and moisture intrusion.<\\\/p><p>\\u2462<strong>Maintenance Management Factors (Determining Whether Service Life Meets Standards)<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p>Lack of scientific maintenance accelerates equipment deterioration and is a key human factor leading to shortened service life:<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u00b7<\\\/strong><strong>Inadequate Maintenance of Insulation Oil<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p>Infrequent Oil Quality Testing: Failure to test insulation oil properties (e.g., dielectric loss, breakdown voltage, moisture content) every 6 months in accordance with standards will result in undetected oil deterioration (e.g., increased acid value, sludge formation), leading to a continuous decline in insulation performance.<\\\/p><p>Delayed Oil Replacement\\\/ Filtration: When oil quality exceeds standard limits (e.g., moisture content &gt; 30ppm), failure to perform vacuum oil filtration or oil replacement will contaminate winding insulation with impurities in the oil, intensifying partial discharge.<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u00b7<\\\/strong><strong>Insufficient OLTC Maintenance<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p>Infrequent Contact Inspection: Failure to disassemble and inspect OLTC contact wear every 2\\u20133 years will allow contacts with excessive wear to continue operating, increasing contact resistance and causing long-term overheating and ablation.<\\\/p><p>Failure to Replace Arc-Quenching Medium: If arc-quenching chambers of the OLTC (e.g., vacuum arc-quenching chambers, oil-immersed arc-quenching chambers) are not replaced according to their service life (approximately 20 years for vacuum arc-quenching chambers), arc-quenching capacity will decrease. Arcs cannot be extinguished quickly during tap-changing, leading to contact ablation.<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u00b7<\\\/strong><strong>Untreated Cooling System Failures<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p>Radiator Blockage: Failure to regularly clean dust and oil stains from radiator surfaces (once per quarter) reduces heat dissipation efficiency, increasing the top oil temperature by 5\\u201310\\u00b0C and accelerating insulation aging.<\\\/p><p>Fan\\\/Oil Pump Malfunctions: For forced oil circulation air-cooled (OFAF) transformers, unprompted repairs of damaged fans or oil pumps result in loss of cooling capacity, causing a sudden rise in oil temperature in a short period and leading to insulation damage.<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u00b7<\\\/strong><strong>Lack of Preventive Tests<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p>Infrequent Insulation Tests: Failure to conduct winding DC resistance measurement, dielectric loss testing, and partial discharge detection every 1\\u20132 years leaves hidden risks (e.g., inter-turn short circuits, insulation breakdown) undetected, ultimately leading to failures.<\\\/p><p>Unmonitored Iron Core Grounding Current: If the iron core grounding current exceeds 100mA (normally should be &lt; 10mA) without treatment, local overheating of the iron core will occur, ablating the insulation paint.<\\\/p><p>\\u2463<strong>External Environment Factors (Catalysts for Accelerated Life Loss)<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p>Pollutants, natural disasters, and other elements in the external environment directly erode equipment, accelerating aging:<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u00b7<\\\/strong><strong>Contamination and Corrosion<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p>Industrial Dust\\\/Coastal Salt Spray: These substances adhere to bushing surfaces and form conductive paths in humid weather, causing bushing flashover discharge and damaging insulation. Salt spray also corrodes the metal casings of oil tanks and radiators, leading to leakage.<\\\/p><p>Chemical Corrosion: If there are chemical plants or printing and dyeing factories near the transformer, acidic and alkaline gases (e.g., SO\\u2082, Cl\\u2082) in the air will corrode insulation materials and metal components, shortening service life.<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u00b7<\\\/strong><strong>Moisture and Humidity<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p>In high-humidity environments (e.g., relative humidity &gt; 85% during the plum rain season in southern China), moisture penetrates the equipment interior through sealing gaps, reducing the breakdown voltage of insulation oil (the breakdown voltage decreases by approximately 5kV for every 10ppm increase in moisture content) and accelerating rusting of the iron core and windings.<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u00b7<\\\/strong><strong>Natural Disasters and External Impact<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p>Lightning Strikes: Insufficient or faulty lightning arresters allow lightning overvoltage to break down winding insulation, causing inter-turn or phase-to-phase short circuits.<\\\/p><p>Earthquakes and External Collisions: These events cause iron core displacement and winding deformation, damaging the insulation structure. Even if no immediate failure occurs, hidden risks are left, accelerating life loss.<\\\/p>\",\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"20\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"__globals__\":{\"typography_typography\":\"globals\\\/typography?id=d06f507\"}},\"elements\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\"}],\"isInner\":true,\"isLocked\":true},{\"id\":\"09a50ce\",\"elType\":\"container\",\"settings\":{\"_title\":\"\\u9879\\u76ee #1\",\"content_width\":\"full\",\"background_background\":\"classic\",\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":true},\"__globals__\":{\"background_color\":\"\"}},\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"f9d6bbd\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"settings\":{\"editor\":\"<p>To maximize the service life of on-load tap-changer (OLTC) transformers, a two-pronged approach of \\\"innate control + acquired management\\\" is required:<\\\/p><p>\\u2460<strong>Selection Stage:<\\\/strong> Prioritize high-quality equipment with OLTC contacts made of silver alloy, a high insulation class (e.g., Class A or above), and excellent sealing performance.<\\\/p><p>\\u2461<strong>Operation Stage:<\\\/strong> Control the load factor within 80%~100% of the rated value, avoid frequent tap changing, and monitor and suppress system harmonics.<\\\/p><p>\\u2462<strong>Maintenance Stage:<\\\/strong> Conduct regular inspections (in accordance with the DL\\\/T 574-2010 standard) on oil quality, overhaul the OLTC, clean the cooling system, and ensure full coverage of preventive tests.<\\\/p><p>\\u2463<strong>Environmental Control:<\\\/strong> In polluted\\\/high-humidity environments, install anti-pollution flashover coatings on bushings and moisture-proof covers for equipment, and improve the lightning protection and grounding system.<\\\/p>\",\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"20\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"__globals__\":{\"typography_typography\":\"\"},\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_family\":\"Arial\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":16,\"sizes\":[]},\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":20,\"sizes\":[]},\"paragraph_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":20,\"sizes\":[]}},\"elements\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\"}],\"isInner\":true,\"isLocked\":true},{\"id\":\"8387c87\",\"elType\":\"container\",\"settings\":{\"_title\":\"\\u9879\\u76ee #1\",\"content_width\":\"full\",\"background_background\":\"classic\",\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":true},\"__globals__\":{\"background_color\":\"\"}},\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"8e6122e\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"settings\":{\"editor\":\"<p>As the core of on-load tap changing, the customization of voltage regulation parameters, modes, and voltage regulation control logic directly aligns with the voltage regulation requirements of power grids, and serves as the key direction for customization:<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u2460<\\\/strong><strong>Voltage Regulation Parameters and Modes<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p><strong>\\u00b7<\\\/strong><strong>Voltage Regulation Range: <\\\/strong>Customized according to the fluctuation range of the power grid.<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u00b7<\\\/strong><strong>Voltage Regulation Speed:<\\\/strong> For high-frequency voltage regulation scenarios (such as photovoltaic\\\/wind power plants), a \\\"fast switching mode\\\" is customized (switching time \\u2264 0.5s); for conventional power grids, a \\\"stable switching mode\\\" is used.<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u00b7<\\\/strong><strong>Tap Changer Type:<\\\/strong> Selected based on capacity and reliability requirements: \\\"resistive type\\\" (suitable for frequent voltage regulation with low impact) or \\\"reactive type\\\" (suitable for high capacity and high voltage, such as main transformers of 220kV and above).<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u2461<\\\/strong><strong>Voltage Regulation Control Logic<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p><strong>\\u00b7<\\\/strong><strong>Automatic Voltage Regulation:<\\\/strong> Customized with \\\"voltage threshold triggering\\\" (e.g., automatic voltage boosting when the voltage is lower than 10kV) and \\\"load-linked voltage regulation\\\" (dynamic adjustment based on load current to avoid overload);<\\\/p><p><strong>\\u00b7<\\\/strong><strong>Protection Logic:<\\\/strong> Added with \\\"tap position locking\\\" (prohibiting voltage regulation in case of over-temperature\\\/short circuit) and \\\"fault self-recovery\\\" (automatic rollback to a safe gear after switching failure).<\\\/p>\",\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"20\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"__globals__\":{\"typography_typography\":\"\"},\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_family\":\"Arial\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":16,\"sizes\":[]},\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":20,\"sizes\":[]},\"paragraph_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":20,\"sizes\":[]}},\"elements\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\"}],\"isInner\":true,\"isLocked\":true}]},{\"id\":\"0ff856d\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"settings\":{\"editor\":\"<p><strong>\\u2161.<\\\/strong><strong>After-sales maintenance<\\\/strong><\\\/p>\",\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_family\":\"Arial\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":16,\"sizes\":[]},\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":20,\"sizes\":[]},\"paragraph_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":10,\"sizes\":[]},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"020\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_element_width\":\"initial\",\"_element_custom_width\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":65,\"sizes\":[]},\"__globals__\":{\"typography_typography\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"globals\\\/colors?id=7268ef8\"},\"_element_width_mobile\":\"initial\",\"_element_custom_width_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":100},\"_flex_size\":\"none\"},\"elements\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\"},{\"id\":\"35cf19d\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"widgetType\":\"nested-accordion\",\"settings\":{\"items\":[{\"item_title\":\"1.What is included in Kete's warranty coverage during the warranty period? And how are the costs borne?\",\"_id\":\"1d2b564\"},{\"item_title\":\"2.Will Kete provide guidance documents for installation?\",\"_id\":\"6187cb3\"},{\"item_title\":\"3.If maintenance is required and spare parts are purchased from Kete, how long will it take for the spare parts to arrive?\",\"_id\":\"9244a66\"},{\"item_title\":\"4.How to handle emergency maintenance requests, and what is the typical response time?\",\"_id\":\"b474fe0\"},{\"item_title\":\"5.What kind of after-sales support can Kete provide, including troubleshooting and maintenance services?\",\"_id\":\"bab7d20\"},{\"item_title\":\"6.Can Kete provide options for service contracts or extended warranty periods?\",\"_id\":\"a2a227a\"}],\"accordion_item_title_icon\":{\"value\":\"fas fa-angle-right\",\"library\":\"fa-solid\"},\"accordion_item_title_icon_active\":{\"value\":\"fas fa-angle-down\",\"library\":\"fa-solid\"},\"default_state\":\"all_collapsed\",\"max_items_expended\":\"multiple\",\"accordion_item_title_space_between\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":10,\"sizes\":[]},\"accordion_background_normal_background\":\"classic\",\"accordion_background_normal_color\":\"#F2F2F2\",\"accordion_background_hover_background\":\"classic\",\"accordion_background_hover_color\":\"#0055AA\",\"accordion_background_active_background\":\"classic\",\"accordion_background_active_color\":\"#0055AA\",\"title_typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"title_typography_font_family\":\"Arial\",\"title_typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":14,\"sizes\":[]},\"title_typography_font_weight\":\"600\",\"hover_title_color\":\"#FFFFFF\",\"active_title_color\":\"#FFFFFF\",\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"20\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"__globals__\":{\"title_typography_typography\":\"\",\"accordion_background_hover_color\":\"globals\\\/colors?id=primary\",\"hover_title_color\":\"\",\"active_title_color\":\"\",\"accordion_background_active_color\":\"globals\\\/colors?id=primary\",\"accordion_background_normal_color\":\"globals\\\/colors?id=556a01c\"}},\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"8db37d5\",\"elType\":\"container\",\"settings\":{\"_title\":\"\\u9879\\u76ee #1\",\"content_width\":\"full\",\"background_background\":\"classic\",\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":true},\"__globals__\":{\"background_color\":\"\"}},\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"87480e7\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"settings\":{\"editor\":\"<p>Our company's warranty coverage includes performance failures caused by material defects or manufacturing process issues, such as cabinet water leakage, insulation failure, abnormal switch operation, etc.<\\\/p><p>We provide spare parts for maintenance free of charge, and will dispatch technical personnel for on-site inspection and repair if necessary, with travel expenses borne by the supplier.<\\\/p>\",\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"20\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"__globals__\":{\"typography_typography\":\"globals\\\/typography?id=d06f507\"}},\"elements\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\"}],\"isInner\":true,\"isLocked\":true},{\"id\":\"f40cd7f\",\"elType\":\"container\",\"settings\":{\"_title\":\"\\u9879\\u76ee #1\",\"content_width\":\"full\",\"background_background\":\"classic\",\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":true},\"__globals__\":{\"background_color\":\"\"}},\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"2f33eab\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"settings\":{\"editor\":\"<p>For large transformers that require the removal of some accessories to fit into containers, we will provide an installation video and an electronic version of the installation instructions.<\\\/p>\",\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"20\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"__globals__\":{\"typography_typography\":\"globals\\\/typography?id=d06f507\"}},\"elements\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\"}],\"isInner\":true,\"isLocked\":true},{\"id\":\"a349b2f\",\"elType\":\"container\",\"settings\":{\"_title\":\"\\u9879\\u76ee #1\",\"content_width\":\"full\",\"background_background\":\"classic\",\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":true},\"__globals__\":{\"background_color\":\"\"}},\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"7480d7f\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"settings\":{\"editor\":\"<p>If the customer needs to purchase spare parts from our company, the goods can generally be shipped within 2-7 days.<\\\/p>\",\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"20\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"__globals__\":{\"typography_typography\":\"globals\\\/typography?id=d06f507\"}},\"elements\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\"}],\"isInner\":true,\"isLocked\":true},{\"id\":\"05bb81a\",\"elType\":\"container\",\"settings\":{\"_title\":\"\\u9879\\u76ee #1\",\"content_width\":\"full\",\"background_background\":\"classic\",\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":true},\"__globals__\":{\"background_color\":\"\"}},\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"4e882a7\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"settings\":{\"editor\":\"<p>24\\\/7 technical support hotline, ensuring a fault time of \\u2264 2 hours.<\\\/p>\",\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"20\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"__globals__\":{\"typography_typography\":\"\"},\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_family\":\"Arial\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":16,\"sizes\":[]},\"paragraph_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":20,\"sizes\":[]}},\"elements\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\"}],\"isInner\":true,\"isLocked\":true},{\"id\":\"0d9ad48\",\"elType\":\"container\",\"settings\":{\"_title\":\"\\u9879\\u76ee #1\",\"content_width\":\"full\",\"background_background\":\"classic\",\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":true},\"__globals__\":{\"background_color\":\"\"}},\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"8572058\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"settings\":{\"editor\":\"<p>During the warranty period, regular return visits (once every 3 months) will be conducted to provide operation status testing and maintenance recommendations.<\\\/p><p>After the warranty period expires, lifelong maintenance services at cost price and spare parts supply can be provided.<\\\/p>\",\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"20\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"__globals__\":{\"typography_typography\":\"globals\\\/typography?id=d06f507\"}},\"elements\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\"}],\"isInner\":true,\"isLocked\":true},{\"id\":\"fee700e\",\"elType\":\"container\",\"settings\":{\"_title\":\"\\u9879\\u76ee #1\",\"content_width\":\"full\",\"background_background\":\"classic\",\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":true},\"__globals__\":{\"background_color\":\"\"}},\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"26f8b2b\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"settings\":{\"editor\":\"<p>Yes, we can. Generally, the warranty period for our products is one year. 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class=\\\"e-n-tab-title-text\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\tFeature\\t\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t<\\\/button>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<button id=\\\"e-n-tab-title-649863463\\\" class=\\\"e-n-tab-title\\\" aria-selected=\\\"false\\\" data-tab-index=\\\"3\\\" role=\\\"tab\\\" tabindex=\\\"-1\\\" aria-controls=\\\"e-n-tab-content-649863463\\\" style=\\\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<span class=\\\"e-n-tab-title-text\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\tStructure\\t\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t<\\\/button>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<button id=\\\"e-n-tab-title-649863464\\\" class=\\\"e-n-tab-title\\\" aria-selected=\\\"false\\\" data-tab-index=\\\"4\\\" role=\\\"tab\\\" tabindex=\\\"-1\\\" aria-controls=\\\"e-n-tab-content-649863464\\\" style=\\\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<span class=\\\"e-n-tab-title-text\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\tSpecification\\t\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t<\\\/button>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<button id=\\\"e-n-tab-title-649863465\\\" class=\\\"e-n-tab-title\\\" aria-selected=\\\"false\\\" data-tab-index=\\\"5\\\" role=\\\"tab\\\" tabindex=\\\"-1\\\" aria-controls=\\\"e-n-tab-content-649863465\\\" style=\\\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<span class=\\\"e-n-tab-title-text\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\tDiagram\\t\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t<\\\/button>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<button id=\\\"e-n-tab-title-649863466\\\" class=\\\"e-n-tab-title\\\" aria-selected=\\\"false\\\" data-tab-index=\\\"6\\\" role=\\\"tab\\\" tabindex=\\\"-1\\\" aria-controls=\\\"e-n-tab-content-649863466\\\" style=\\\"--n-tabs-title-order: 6;\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<span class=\\\"e-n-tab-title-text\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\tFAQ\\t\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t<\\\/button>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t<div class=\\\"e-n-tabs-content\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<div id=\\\"e-n-tab-content-649863461\\\" role=\\\"tabpanel\\\" aria-labelledby=\\\"e-n-tab-title-649863461\\\" data-tab-index=\\\"1\\\" style=\\\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\\\" class=\\\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-63d4ba4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\\\" data-id=\\\"63d4ba4\\\" data-element_type=\\\"container\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<div class=\\\"elementor-element elementor-element-76c97e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\\\" data-id=\\\"76c97e8\\\" data-element_type=\\\"widget\\\" data-widget_type=\\\"heading.default\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<h2 class=\\\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\\\">Brief introduction<\\\/h2>\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t[elementor-element k=\\\"43aca594a86d0bbe94de5159700c1e94\\\" data=\\\"{"id":"40fb5fa","elType":"widget","settings":{"editor":"<p><strong>\u2160<\/strong><strong>.Brief introduction<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>1.<\/strong><strong>Standards:<\/strong> IEC 60076, GB\/T 1094, GB\/T 25446-2010<\/p><p><strong>2.<\/strong><strong>Power Rating:<\/strong> 200KVA-2500 kVA<\/p><p><strong>3.<\/strong><strong>Primary Voltage:<\/strong> 10KV<\/p><p><strong>4.<\/strong><strong>Secondary Voltage:<\/strong> 0.4 kV or as required<\/p><p><strong>5.Voltage regulation mode:<\/strong> On-load tap-changing<\/p><p><strong>6.Frequency:<\/strong> 50HZ or 60HZ<\/p><p><strong>7.<\/strong><strong>Type:<\/strong> 3 Phase Electric Power Transformer<\/p><p><strong>8.<\/strong><strong>Connection Type:<\/strong> Dyn11, Yyn0, or per client specification<\/p><p><strong>9.insulation grade\uff1a<\/strong>A<\/p><p><strong>10.Cooling method: <\/strong>ONAN<\/p><p><strong>\u2161<\/strong><strong>.Working conditions<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>1.<\/strong><strong>Ambient Temperature:<\/strong> No more than +40\u2103 No less than -25\u2103, The monthly average temperature is no more than +30\u2103, The yearly average temperature is no more than +20\u2103<\/p><p><strong>2.<\/strong><strong>Altitude:<\/strong> No more than 1000m.<\/p><p><strong>3.<\/strong><strong>Relative air humidity:<\/strong>\u226490%<\/p><p><strong>4.<\/strong><strong>installation site:<\/strong> Clean and stable environment, compliance with safe distance requirements, sufficient heat dissipation and ventilation<\/p><p><strong>5.Scope of application:<\/strong> On-load tap-changing transformers are widely used in fields such as power transmission, distribution systems, and renewable energy. In long-distance power transmission, they can adjust voltage to ensure power stability; in urban or industrial power distribution networks, they can automatically regulate voltage according to load changes; when renewable energy sources like wind and solar energy are connected to the power grid, they can quickly respond to grid changes and guarantee the stable supply of electricity.<\/p><p><strong>\u2162.<\/strong><strong>The tests for on-load tap-changing transformer<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>1.<\/strong><strong>Factory Tests (Basic Verification During Manufacturing)<\/strong><\/p><p>Factory tests are mandatory tests that must be completed before the transformer leaves the factory. They are used to ensure that the product meets design standards and technical agreements, mainly including:<\/p><p>\u2460Insulation tests: Insulation resistance measurement, dielectric loss factor (tan\u03b4)<\/p><p>\u2461measurement, applied voltage withstand test, induced voltage withstand test.<\/p><p>\u2462Winding DC resistance measurement.<\/p><p>\u2463Transformation ratio test.<\/p><p>\u2464Connection group test.<\/p><p>Special tests for on-load tap-changers: Mechanical operation test, transition resistance measurement, switching time measurement.<\/p><p><strong>2.<\/strong><strong>Type Tests (Comprehensive Performance Assessment for New Products or Major Improvements)<\/strong><\/p><p>\u2460Temperature rise test.<\/p><p>\u2461Short-circuit withstand capability test.<\/p><p>\u2462Lightning impulse test.<\/p><p>\u2463Operating impulse test.<\/p><p>\u2464Sound level measurement.<\/p><p>\u2465Zero-sequence impedance measurement.<\/p><p><strong>3.<\/strong><strong>On-Site Handover Tests (Verification Before Commissioning After Installation)<\/strong><\/p><p>\u2460Inspection of appearance and accessories.<\/p><p>\u2461Insulation test.<\/p><p>\u2462On-site operation test of on-load tap-changer.<\/p><p>\u2463Oil quality test.<\/p><p>\u2464Cooling system test.<\/p><p><strong>4.<\/strong><strong>Preventive Tests (Regular Maintenance and Detection During Operation)<\/strong><\/p><p>\u2460Insulating oil test.<\/p><p>\u2461Measurement of winding insulation resistance and dielectric loss.<\/p><p>\u2462Condition detection of on-load tap-changer.<\/p><p>\u2463Mechanical characteristic test.<\/p><p>\u2464Contact wear inspection.<\/p><p>\u2465Core grounding current measurement.<\/p><p>\u2466Infrared thermal imaging detection.<\/p><p>The special tests for on-load tap-changers (mechanical operation, transition resistance, switching characteristics) are the core test contents that distinguish them from ordinary transformers.<\/p><p><strong>\u2163<\/strong><strong>.On-load tap-changing transformer component inspection<\/strong><\/p><p>On-load transformers (transformers with tap changers) are key equipment in power systems. Their component inspection must cover two core parts: the transformer itself and the on-load tap changer (OLTC), as well as inspections of auxiliary systems. The following is a detailed classification and explanation of component inspection contents:<\/p><p><strong>1.<\/strong><strong>Inspection of Core Components of the Transformer Body<\/strong><\/p><p>The transformer body is the core of electrical energy conversion, and key components such as insulation, iron core, windings, and oil tank need to be focused on:<\/p><p><strong>\u2460<\/strong><strong>Winding Inspection<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> Include DC resistance test, insulation resistance and absorption ratio \/ polarization index test, dielectric loss (tan\u03b4) test, winding deformation test, partial discharge test<\/p><p><strong>\u2461<\/strong><strong>Iron Core Inspection<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> Indlude Iron core insulation resistance test and iron core grounding current test<\/p><p>The iron core is the core of the magnetic circuit, and multiple grounding or insulation damage must be prevented.<\/p><p><strong>\u2462<\/strong><strong>Oil Tank and Accessory Inspection<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> Include oil tank tightness inspection, oil conservator and oil level gauge inspection, bushing inspection<\/p><p><strong>2.<\/strong><strong>Special Inspection of On-Load Tap Changer (OLTC)<\/strong><\/p><p>OLTC is the core component of on-load transformers, responsible for regulating voltage under load. Its inspection is directly related to the safe operation of the equipment:<\/p><p><strong>\u2460<\/strong><strong>Mechanical Characteristic Inspection<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> include action sequence test, operating mechanism test, mechanical limit test<\/p><p><strong>\u2461<\/strong><strong>Electrical Performance Inspection<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> Include contact resistance test, insulation resistance test, partial discharge test during switching, transition resistance test<\/p><p><strong>\u2462<\/strong><strong>Oil Quality and Oil Chamber Inspection<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> Include OLTC insulation oil inspection and oil chamber tightness inspection<\/p><p><strong>\u2463<\/strong><strong>Control and Protection System Inspection<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> Include control circuit test and protection function test<\/p><p><strong>3.<\/strong><strong>Inspection of Insulation Oil and Cooling System<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>\u2460<\/strong><strong>Insulation Oil Inspection<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> Include routine physical and chemical indicators and dissolved Gas Analysis in Oil (DGA)<\/p><p><strong>\u2461<\/strong><strong>Cooling System Inspection<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> Include radiator\/cooler inspection, temperature control system test<\/p><p><strong>4.<\/strong><strong>Inspection of Other Auxiliary Components<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>\u2460<\/strong><strong>Pressure relief valve inspection<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>\u2461<\/strong><strong>Gas relay (breather relay) inspection<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>\u2462<\/strong><strong>Grounding system inspection<\/strong><\/p><p>The component inspection of on-load transformers must integrate four dimensions: electrical performance, mechanical characteristics, insulation status, and oil quality analysis. Focus should be placed on core components such as windings, iron cores, and OLTC, while covering auxiliary systems such as cooling, control, and protection. Through regular inspections (such as preventive tests and online monitoring), potential faults can be detected in a timely manner, ensuring the safe and stable operation of transformers.<\/p>","paragraph_spacing":{"unit":"px","size":16,"sizes":[]},"_padding":{"unit":"px","top":"20","right":"0","bottom":"0","left":"0","isLinked":false},"__globals__":{"typography_typography":"globals\/typography?id=d06f507"}},"elements":[],"widgetType":"text-editor"}\\\"]\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t<div id=\\\"e-n-tab-content-649863462\\\" role=\\\"tabpanel\\\" aria-labelledby=\\\"e-n-tab-title-649863462\\\" data-tab-index=\\\"2\\\" style=\\\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\\\" class=\\\" elementor-element elementor-element-2e2154e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\\\" data-id=\\\"2e2154e\\\" data-element_type=\\\"container\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<div class=\\\"elementor-element elementor-element-0f27574 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\\\" data-id=\\\"0f27574\\\" data-element_type=\\\"widget\\\" data-widget_type=\\\"heading.default\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<h2 class=\\\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\\\">Structural Features<\\\/h2>\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t[elementor-element k=\\\"43aca594a86d0bbe94de5159700c1e94\\\" 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.tg-wa1i{font-weight:bold;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle}\\r\\n.tg .tg-nrix{text-align:center;vertical-align:middle}\\r\\n<\\\/style>\\r\\n<table class=\\\"tg\\\"><thead>\\r\\n  <tr>\\r\\n    <th class=\\\"tg-wa1i\\\">Rated Capacity<\\\/th>\\r\\n    <th class=\\\"tg-wa1i\\\">H.V.<\\\/th>\\r\\n    <th class=\\\"tg-wa1i\\\">High-Voltage Tap Range<\\\/th>\\r\\n    <th class=\\\"tg-wa1i\\\">L.V.<\\\/th>\\r\\n    <th class=\\\"tg-wa1i\\\">Connection symbol<\\\/th>\\r\\n    <th class=\\\"tg-wa1i\\\">No-load loss(kw)<\\\/th>\\r\\n    <th class=\\\"tg-wa1i\\\">On-load loss(kw)<\\\/th>\\r\\n    <th class=\\\"tg-wa1i\\\">No-Load Current%<\\\/th>\\r\\n    <th class=\\\"tg-wa1i\\\">Short circuit impedance%<\\\/th>\\r\\n  <\\\/tr><\\\/thead>\\r\\n<tbody>\\r\\n  <tr>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">200<\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\" rowspan=\\\"12\\\">6<br><br><br>6.3<br><br><br>10<br><br><br>10.5<\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\" rowspan=\\\"12\\\">\\u00b14*2.5%<\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\" rowspan=\\\"12\\\">0.4<\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\" rowspan=\\\"12\\\">Dyn11<br><br><br><br>Yyn0<\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">0.38<\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">2.90 <\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">1.00 <\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\" rowspan=\\\"5\\\">4<\\\/td>\\r\\n  <\\\/tr>\\r\\n  <tr>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">250<\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">0.44<\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">3.42 <\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">0.90 <\\\/td>\\r\\n  <\\\/tr>\\r\\n  <tr>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">315<\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">0.53<\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">4.10 <\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">0.90 <\\\/td>\\r\\n  <\\\/tr>\\r\\n  <tr>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">400<\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">0.64<\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">4.95 <\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">0.80 <\\\/td>\\r\\n  <\\\/tr>\\r\\n  <tr>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">500<\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">0.76<\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">6.89 <\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">0.80 <\\\/td>\\r\\n  <\\\/tr>\\r\\n  <tr>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">630<\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">0.96<\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">7.26 <\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">0.60 <\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\" rowspan=\\\"5\\\">4.5<\\\/td>\\r\\n  <\\\/tr>\\r\\n  <tr>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">800<\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">1.12<\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">8.89 <\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">0.60 <\\\/td>\\r\\n  <\\\/tr>\\r\\n  <tr>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">1000<\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">1.36<\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">10.40 <\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">0.60 <\\\/td>\\r\\n  <\\\/tr>\\r\\n  <tr>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">1250<\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">1.56<\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">12.30 <\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">0.50 <\\\/td>\\r\\n  <\\\/tr>\\r\\n  <tr>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">1600<\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">1.92<\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">14.70 <\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">0.50 <\\\/td>\\r\\n  <\\\/tr>\\r\\n  <tr>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">2000<\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">2.27<\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">18.60 <\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">0.40 <\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\">5<\\\/td>\\r\\n  <\\\/tr>\\r\\n  <tr>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">2500<\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">2.68<\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">21.60 <\\\/td>\\r\\n    <td class=\\\"tg-nrix\\\">0.40 <\\\/td>\\r\\n  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FAQs<\\\/h2>\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t[elementor-element k=\\\"43aca594a86d0bbe94de5159700c1e94\\\" data=\\\"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\\\"]\\t\\t<div class=\\\"elementor-element elementor-element-d080af3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\\\" data-id=\\\"d080af3\\\" data-element_type=\\\"widget\\\" data-settings=\\\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;all_collapsed&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;multiple&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\\\" data-widget_type=\\\"nested-accordion.default\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<div class=\\\"e-n-accordion\\\" aria-label=\\\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<details id=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-2180\\\" class=\\\"e-n-accordion-item\\\" >\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<summary class=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-title\\\" data-accordion-index=\\\"1\\\" tabindex=\\\"0\\\" aria-expanded=\\\"false\\\" aria-controls=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-2180\\\" >\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\\\"> 1.What are the rated voltage and power of the Kete oil-immersed OLTC transformer? <\\\/div><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\\n\\t\\t\\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\" class=\\\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-down\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 320 512\\\" xmlns=\\\"http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\\"><path d=\\\"M143 352.3L7 216.3c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l22.6-22.6c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l96.4 96.4 96.4-96.4c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l22.6 22.6c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-136 136c-9.2 9.4-24.4 9.4-33.8 0z\\\"><\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\" class=\\\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 256 512\\\" xmlns=\\\"http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\\"><path d=\\\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\\\"><\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/summary>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<div role=\\\"region\\\" aria-labelledby=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-2180\\\" class=\\\"elementor-element elementor-element-05eeb49 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\\\" data-id=\\\"05eeb49\\\" data-element_type=\\\"container\\\" data-settings=\\\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\\\">\\n\\t\\t[elementor-element k=\\\"43aca594a86d0bbe94de5159700c1e94\\\" 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id=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-2181\\\" class=\\\"e-n-accordion-item\\\" >\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<summary class=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-title\\\" data-accordion-index=\\\"2\\\" tabindex=\\\"-1\\\" aria-expanded=\\\"false\\\" aria-controls=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-2181\\\" >\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\\\"> 2.What type of cooling system does the Kete oil-immersed OLTC transformer use? <\\\/div><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\\n\\t\\t\\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\" class=\\\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-down\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 320 512\\\" xmlns=\\\"http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\\"><path d=\\\"M143 352.3L7 216.3c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l22.6-22.6c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l96.4 96.4 96.4-96.4c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l22.6 22.6c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-136 136c-9.2 9.4-24.4 9.4-33.8 0z\\\"><\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t<span 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id=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-2184\\\" class=\\\"e-n-accordion-item\\\" >\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<summary class=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-title\\\" data-accordion-index=\\\"5\\\" tabindex=\\\"-1\\\" aria-expanded=\\\"false\\\" aria-controls=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-2184\\\" >\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\\\"> 5.How long is the service life of Kete oil-immersed OLTC transformers?  <\\\/div><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\\n\\t\\t\\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\" class=\\\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-down\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 320 512\\\" xmlns=\\\"http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\\"><path d=\\\"M143 352.3L7 216.3c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l22.6-22.6c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l96.4 96.4 96.4-96.4c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l22.6 22.6c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-136 136c-9.2 9.4-24.4 9.4-33.8 0z\\\"><\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\" class=\\\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 256 512\\\" xmlns=\\\"http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\\"><path d=\\\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\\\"><\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/summary>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<div role=\\\"region\\\" aria-labelledby=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-2184\\\" class=\\\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b6302b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\\\" data-id=\\\"3b6302b\\\" data-element_type=\\\"container\\\" data-settings=\\\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\\\">\\n\\t\\t[elementor-element k=\\\"43aca594a86d0bbe94de5159700c1e94\\\" data=\\\"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\\\"]\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/details>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<details id=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-2185\\\" class=\\\"e-n-accordion-item\\\" >\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<summary class=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-title\\\" data-accordion-index=\\\"6\\\" tabindex=\\\"-1\\\" aria-expanded=\\\"false\\\" aria-controls=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-2185\\\" >\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\\\"> 6.What are the factors that affect the service life of Kete OLTC oil-immersed transformers? <\\\/div><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\\n\\t\\t\\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\" class=\\\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-down\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 320 512\\\" xmlns=\\\"http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\\"><path d=\\\"M143 352.3L7 216.3c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l22.6-22.6c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l96.4 96.4 96.4-96.4c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l22.6 22.6c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-136 136c-9.2 9.4-24.4 9.4-33.8 0z\\\"><\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\" class=\\\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 256 512\\\" xmlns=\\\"http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\\"><path d=\\\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\\\"><\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/summary>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<div role=\\\"region\\\" aria-labelledby=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-2185\\\" class=\\\"elementor-element elementor-element-d41fa9f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\\\" data-id=\\\"d41fa9f\\\" data-element_type=\\\"container\\\" data-settings=\\\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\\\">\\n\\t\\t[elementor-element k=\\\"43aca594a86d0bbe94de5159700c1e94\\\" data=\\\"{"id":"0fd938a","elType":"widget","settings":{"editor":"<p>The service life of on-load tap-changer (OLTC) transformers is determined by the combined effects of multiple factors across design, operation, maintenance, and other stages. The core influencing factors can be categorized into four major types: equipment quality itself, operating conditions, maintenance management, and external environment.<\/p><p>\u2460<strong>Equipment Quality Factors (Inherent Foundation of Service Life)<\/strong><\/p><p>The design, materials, and manufacturing processes of the equipment at the factory directly determine its \"inherent upper limit of service life\". The core influencing components and associated issues are as follows:<\/p><p><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>Quality of the On-Load Tap-Changer (OLTC)<\/strong><\/p><p>The OLTC is the core component of an OLTC transformer (enabling voltage regulation under load), and its quality defects are the primary inherent factor leading to shortened service life:<\/p><p>Contact Material: If ordinary copper alloys are used instead of silver alloys\/copper-tungsten alloys (which offer high conductivity and wear resistance), the contact wear rate will accelerate, contact resistance will increase, and long-term overheating will cause ablation.<\/p><p>Insulation Structure: If there are bubbles or impurities in insulation cylinders or insulation oil channels, or if the temperature resistance level of insulation materials (e.g., epoxy resin) is insufficient (below the 105\u00b0C standard for Class A insulation), breakdown is likely to occur during operation, triggering partial discharge.<\/p><p>Sealing Performance: If the machining accuracy of OLTC sealing surfaces (e.g., flanges, shaft seals) is insufficient, insulation oil leakage will occur, allowing moisture and impurities to enter and accelerating insulation aging.<\/p><p><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>Quality of Iron Core and Windings<\/strong><\/p><p>Iron Core Silicon Steel Sheets: Excessive gaps between stacked silicon steel sheets or damaged insulation coatings will increase iron loss (eddy current loss and hysteresis loss), leading to long-term overheating of the iron core and accelerated aging of insulation paint.<\/p><p>Winding Conductors and Insulation: Uneven cross-sections or insufficiently soldered joints of conductors will result in excessively high local current density.<\/p><p>Insulation paper (e.g., cable paper, crepe paper) with low fiber density and poor aging resistance will quickly become brittle at high temperatures, shortening the insulation life of windings.<\/p><p><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>Quality of Insulation Oil<\/strong><\/p><p>If insulation oil is not subjected to strict degassing, dehydration, and impurity removal processes at the factory (e.g., excessive dielectric loss, breakdown voltage lower than 35kV\/2.5mm), the overall insulation performance will be directly reduced, creating hidden risks of partial discharge and winding breakdown during operation.<\/p><p>\u2461<strong>Operating Condition Factors (Acquired Accelerators of Life Loss)<\/strong><\/p><p>If operating parameters such as load, voltage, and temperature exceed the design range, equipment aging will be significantly accelerated\u2014making these the core acquired factors affecting service life:<\/p><p><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>Long-Term Overload Operation<\/strong><\/p><p>When the load factor exceeds the rated value (e.g., long-term operation above 120%), the winding copper loss (P=I\u00b2R) increases with the square of the current, causing a sharp rise in winding temperature:<\/p><p>If the winding temperature exceeds the 105\u00b0C upper limit allowed for Class A insulation (with hot-spot temperatures even reaching 120\u00b0C or higher), the degree of polymerization of insulation paper will decrease rapidly (by approximately 50\u2013100 per year), potentially shortening the normal service life (20\u201330 years) to less than 10 years.<\/p><p>Overload also increases the current through OLTC contacts, intensifying arc ablation and doubling contact wear.<\/p><p><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>Impact of Voltage Deviation and Harmonics<\/strong><\/p><p>Long-Term Overvoltage: If the system voltage is more than 5% higher than the rated value, the iron core magnetic flux density will saturate, increasing iron loss and causing iron core overheating. At the same time, the electric field strength borne by winding insulation will rise, accelerating insulation aging.<\/p><p>Harmonic Pollution: Harmonic currents (e.g., 3rd, 5th harmonics) increase additional winding losses and iron core losses, leading to local overheating. Meanwhile, harmonic voltages exacerbate the electrical aging of insulation (e.g., increased partial discharge).<\/p><p><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>Tap-Changing Frequency and Method<\/strong><\/p><p>Frequent Tap-Changing: If tap-changing is performed more than 20 times per day, OLTC contacts will frequently connect\/disconnect current. Each operation generates an arc, accelerating contact wear (the normal service life of contacts is approximately 100,000 operations, which can be shortened to less than 30,000 operations with frequent use).<\/p><p>Load Fluctuations During Tap-Changing: Sudden load surges (e.g., motor startup) during tap-changing can cause poor contact between contacts, generating \"spark discharge\" and further damaging contacts and insulation.<\/p><p><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>Temperature and Temperature Difference Shock<\/strong><\/p><p>Excessively High Ambient Temperature: For outdoor transformers in summer, if the ambient temperature exceeds 40\u00b0C, the top oil temperature of the transformer will rise (exceeding the allowable 85\u00b0C), accelerating the oxidation rate of insulation oil (the oxidation rate doubles for every 10\u00b0C increase in temperature) and worsening oil quality.<\/p><p>Excessive Day-Night Temperature Difference: In northern China during spring and autumn, if the day-night temperature difference exceeds 20\u00b0C, thermal expansion and contraction of components such as the oil tank and bushings will occur, creating micro-gaps on sealing surfaces and causing insulation oil leakage and moisture intrusion.<\/p><p>\u2462<strong>Maintenance Management Factors (Determining Whether Service Life Meets Standards)<\/strong><\/p><p>Lack of scientific maintenance accelerates equipment deterioration and is a key human factor leading to shortened service life:<\/p><p><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>Inadequate Maintenance of Insulation Oil<\/strong><\/p><p>Infrequent Oil Quality Testing: Failure to test insulation oil properties (e.g., dielectric loss, breakdown voltage, moisture content) every 6 months in accordance with standards will result in undetected oil deterioration (e.g., increased acid value, sludge formation), leading to a continuous decline in insulation performance.<\/p><p>Delayed Oil Replacement\/ Filtration: When oil quality exceeds standard limits (e.g., moisture content &gt; 30ppm), failure to perform vacuum oil filtration or oil replacement will contaminate winding insulation with impurities in the oil, intensifying partial discharge.<\/p><p><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>Insufficient OLTC Maintenance<\/strong><\/p><p>Infrequent Contact Inspection: Failure to disassemble and inspect OLTC contact wear every 2\u20133 years will allow contacts with excessive wear to continue operating, increasing contact resistance and causing long-term overheating and ablation.<\/p><p>Failure to Replace Arc-Quenching Medium: If arc-quenching chambers of the OLTC (e.g., vacuum arc-quenching chambers, oil-immersed arc-quenching chambers) are not replaced according to their service life (approximately 20 years for vacuum arc-quenching chambers), arc-quenching capacity will decrease. Arcs cannot be extinguished quickly during tap-changing, leading to contact ablation.<\/p><p><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>Untreated Cooling System Failures<\/strong><\/p><p>Radiator Blockage: Failure to regularly clean dust and oil stains from radiator surfaces (once per quarter) reduces heat dissipation efficiency, increasing the top oil temperature by 5\u201310\u00b0C and accelerating insulation aging.<\/p><p>Fan\/Oil Pump Malfunctions: For forced oil circulation air-cooled (OFAF) transformers, unprompted repairs of damaged fans or oil pumps result in loss of cooling capacity, causing a sudden rise in oil temperature in a short period and leading to insulation damage.<\/p><p><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>Lack of Preventive Tests<\/strong><\/p><p>Infrequent Insulation Tests: Failure to conduct winding DC resistance measurement, dielectric loss testing, and partial discharge detection every 1\u20132 years leaves hidden risks (e.g., inter-turn short circuits, insulation breakdown) undetected, ultimately leading to failures.<\/p><p>Unmonitored Iron Core Grounding Current: If the iron core grounding current exceeds 100mA (normally should be &lt; 10mA) without treatment, local overheating of the iron core will occur, ablating the insulation paint.<\/p><p>\u2463<strong>External Environment Factors (Catalysts for Accelerated Life Loss)<\/strong><\/p><p>Pollutants, natural disasters, and other elements in the external environment directly erode equipment, accelerating aging:<\/p><p><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>Contamination and Corrosion<\/strong><\/p><p>Industrial Dust\/Coastal Salt Spray: These substances adhere to bushing surfaces and form conductive paths in humid weather, causing bushing flashover discharge and damaging insulation. Salt spray also corrodes the metal casings of oil tanks and radiators, leading to leakage.<\/p><p>Chemical Corrosion: If there are chemical plants or printing and dyeing factories near the transformer, acidic and alkaline gases (e.g., SO\u2082, Cl\u2082) in the air will corrode insulation materials and metal components, shortening service life.<\/p><p><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>Moisture and Humidity<\/strong><\/p><p>In high-humidity environments (e.g., relative humidity &gt; 85% during the plum rain season in southern China), moisture penetrates the equipment interior through sealing gaps, reducing the breakdown voltage of insulation oil (the breakdown voltage decreases by approximately 5kV for every 10ppm increase in moisture content) and accelerating rusting of the iron core and windings.<\/p><p><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>Natural Disasters and External Impact<\/strong><\/p><p>Lightning Strikes: Insufficient or faulty lightning arresters allow lightning overvoltage to break down winding insulation, causing inter-turn or phase-to-phase short circuits.<\/p><p>Earthquakes and External Collisions: These events cause iron core displacement and winding deformation, damaging the insulation structure. Even if no immediate failure occurs, hidden risks are left, accelerating life loss.<\/p>","_padding":{"unit":"px","top":"20","right":"0","bottom":"0","left":"0","isLinked":false},"__globals__":{"typography_typography":"globals\/typography?id=d06f507"}},"elements":[],"widgetType":"text-editor"}\\\"]\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/details>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<details id=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-2186\\\" class=\\\"e-n-accordion-item\\\" >\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<summary class=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-title\\\" data-accordion-index=\\\"7\\\" tabindex=\\\"-1\\\" aria-expanded=\\\"false\\\" aria-controls=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-2186\\\" >\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\\\"> 7.How to maintain transformers to maximize the service life of Kete OLTC oil-immersed amorphous alloy transformers? <\\\/div><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\\n\\t\\t\\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\" class=\\\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-down\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 320 512\\\" xmlns=\\\"http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\\"><path d=\\\"M143 352.3L7 216.3c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l22.6-22.6c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l96.4 96.4 96.4-96.4c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l22.6 22.6c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-136 136c-9.2 9.4-24.4 9.4-33.8 0z\\\"><\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\" class=\\\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 256 512\\\" xmlns=\\\"http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\\"><path d=\\\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\\\"><\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/summary>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<div role=\\\"region\\\" aria-labelledby=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-2186\\\" class=\\\"elementor-element 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id=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-2187\\\" class=\\\"e-n-accordion-item\\\" >\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<summary class=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-title\\\" data-accordion-index=\\\"8\\\" tabindex=\\\"-1\\\" aria-expanded=\\\"false\\\" aria-controls=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-2187\\\" >\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\\\"> 8.What aspects of Kete oil-immersed OLTC transformers can be customized? <\\\/div><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\\n\\t\\t\\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\" class=\\\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-down\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 320 512\\\" xmlns=\\\"http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\\"><path d=\\\"M143 352.3L7 216.3c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l22.6-22.6c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l96.4 96.4 96.4-96.4c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l22.6 22.6c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-136 136c-9.2 9.4-24.4 9.4-33.8 0z\\\"><\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\" class=\\\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 256 512\\\" xmlns=\\\"http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\\"><path d=\\\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\\\"><\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/summary>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<div role=\\\"region\\\" aria-labelledby=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-2187\\\" class=\\\"elementor-element elementor-element-8387c87 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\\\" data-id=\\\"8387c87\\\" data-element_type=\\\"container\\\" data-settings=\\\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\\\">\\n\\t\\t[elementor-element k=\\\"43aca594a86d0bbe94de5159700c1e94\\\" 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class=\\\"elementor-element elementor-element-35cf19d elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\\\" data-id=\\\"35cf19d\\\" data-element_type=\\\"widget\\\" data-settings=\\\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;all_collapsed&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;multiple&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\\\" data-widget_type=\\\"nested-accordion.default\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<div class=\\\"e-n-accordion\\\" aria-label=\\\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<details id=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-5640\\\" class=\\\"e-n-accordion-item\\\" >\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<summary class=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-title\\\" data-accordion-index=\\\"1\\\" tabindex=\\\"0\\\" aria-expanded=\\\"false\\\" aria-controls=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-5640\\\" >\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\\\"> 1.What is included in Kete's warranty coverage during the warranty period? And how are the costs borne? <\\\/div><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\\n\\t\\t\\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\" class=\\\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-down\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 320 512\\\" xmlns=\\\"http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\\"><path d=\\\"M143 352.3L7 216.3c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l22.6-22.6c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l96.4 96.4 96.4-96.4c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l22.6 22.6c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-136 136c-9.2 9.4-24.4 9.4-33.8 0z\\\"><\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\" class=\\\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 256 512\\\" xmlns=\\\"http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\\"><path d=\\\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\\\"><\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/summary>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<div role=\\\"region\\\" aria-labelledby=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-5640\\\" class=\\\"elementor-element elementor-element-8db37d5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\\\" data-id=\\\"8db37d5\\\" data-element_type=\\\"container\\\" data-settings=\\\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\\\">\\n\\t\\t[elementor-element k=\\\"43aca594a86d0bbe94de5159700c1e94\\\" data=\\\"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\\\"]\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/details>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<details id=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-5641\\\" class=\\\"e-n-accordion-item\\\" >\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<summary class=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-title\\\" data-accordion-index=\\\"2\\\" tabindex=\\\"-1\\\" aria-expanded=\\\"false\\\" aria-controls=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-5641\\\" >\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\\\"> 2.Will Kete provide guidance documents for installation? <\\\/div><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\\n\\t\\t\\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\" class=\\\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-down\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 320 512\\\" xmlns=\\\"http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\\"><path d=\\\"M143 352.3L7 216.3c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l22.6-22.6c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l96.4 96.4 96.4-96.4c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l22.6 22.6c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-136 136c-9.2 9.4-24.4 9.4-33.8 0z\\\"><\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\" class=\\\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 256 512\\\" xmlns=\\\"http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\\"><path d=\\\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\\\"><\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/summary>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<div role=\\\"region\\\" aria-labelledby=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-5641\\\" class=\\\"elementor-element elementor-element-f40cd7f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\\\" data-id=\\\"f40cd7f\\\" data-element_type=\\\"container\\\" data-settings=\\\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\\\">\\n\\t\\t[elementor-element k=\\\"43aca594a86d0bbe94de5159700c1e94\\\" data=\\\"eyJpZCI6IjJmMzNlYWIiLCJlbFR5cGUiOiJ3aWRnZXQiLCJzZXR0aW5ncyI6eyJlZGl0b3IiOiI8cD5Gb3IgbGFyZ2UgdHJhbnNmb3JtZXJzIHRoYXQgcmVxdWlyZSB0aGUgcmVtb3ZhbCBvZiBzb21lIGFjY2Vzc29yaWVzIHRvIGZpdCBpbnRvIGNvbnRhaW5lcnMsIHdlIHdpbGwgcHJvdmlkZSBhbiBpbnN0YWxsYXRpb24gdmlkZW8gYW5kIGFuIGVsZWN0cm9uaWMgdmVyc2lvbiBvZiB0aGUgaW5zdGFsbGF0aW9uIGluc3RydWN0aW9ucy48XC9wPiIsIl9wYWRkaW5nIjp7InVuaXQiOiJweCIsInRvcCI6IjIwIiwicmlnaHQiOiIwIiwiYm90dG9tIjoiMCIsImxlZnQiOiIwIiwiaXNMaW5rZWQiOmZhbHNlfSwiX19nbG9iYWxzX18iOnsidHlwb2dyYXBoeV90eXBvZ3JhcGh5IjoiZ2xvYmFsc1wvdHlwb2dyYXBoeT9pZD1kMDZmNTA3In19LCJlbGVtZW50cyI6W10sIndpZGdldFR5cGUiOiJ0ZXh0LWVkaXRvciJ9\\\"]\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/details>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<details id=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-5642\\\" class=\\\"e-n-accordion-item\\\" >\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<summary class=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-title\\\" data-accordion-index=\\\"3\\\" tabindex=\\\"-1\\\" aria-expanded=\\\"false\\\" aria-controls=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-5642\\\" >\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\\\"> 3.If maintenance is required and spare parts are purchased from Kete, how long will it take for the spare parts to arrive? <\\\/div><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\\n\\t\\t\\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\" class=\\\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-down\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 320 512\\\" xmlns=\\\"http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\\"><path d=\\\"M143 352.3L7 216.3c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l22.6-22.6c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l96.4 96.4 96.4-96.4c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l22.6 22.6c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-136 136c-9.2 9.4-24.4 9.4-33.8 0z\\\"><\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\" class=\\\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 256 512\\\" xmlns=\\\"http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\\"><path d=\\\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\\\"><\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/summary>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<div role=\\\"region\\\" aria-labelledby=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-5642\\\" class=\\\"elementor-element elementor-element-a349b2f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\\\" data-id=\\\"a349b2f\\\" data-element_type=\\\"container\\\" data-settings=\\\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\\\">\\n\\t\\t[elementor-element k=\\\"43aca594a86d0bbe94de5159700c1e94\\\" data=\\\"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\\\"]\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/details>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<details id=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-5643\\\" class=\\\"e-n-accordion-item\\\" >\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<summary class=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-title\\\" data-accordion-index=\\\"4\\\" tabindex=\\\"-1\\\" aria-expanded=\\\"false\\\" aria-controls=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-5643\\\" >\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\\\"> 4.How to handle emergency maintenance requests, and what is the typical response time? <\\\/div><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\\n\\t\\t\\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\" class=\\\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-down\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 320 512\\\" xmlns=\\\"http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\\"><path d=\\\"M143 352.3L7 216.3c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l22.6-22.6c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l96.4 96.4 96.4-96.4c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l22.6 22.6c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-136 136c-9.2 9.4-24.4 9.4-33.8 0z\\\"><\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\" class=\\\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 256 512\\\" xmlns=\\\"http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\\"><path d=\\\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\\\"><\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/summary>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<div role=\\\"region\\\" aria-labelledby=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-5643\\\" class=\\\"elementor-element elementor-element-05bb81a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\\\" data-id=\\\"05bb81a\\\" data-element_type=\\\"container\\\" data-settings=\\\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\\\">\\n\\t\\t[elementor-element k=\\\"43aca594a86d0bbe94de5159700c1e94\\\" data=\\\"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\\\"]\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/details>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<details id=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-5644\\\" class=\\\"e-n-accordion-item\\\" >\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<summary class=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-title\\\" data-accordion-index=\\\"5\\\" tabindex=\\\"-1\\\" aria-expanded=\\\"false\\\" aria-controls=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-5644\\\" >\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\\\"> 5.What kind of after-sales support can Kete provide, including troubleshooting and maintenance services? <\\\/div><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\\n\\t\\t\\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\" class=\\\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-down\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 320 512\\\" xmlns=\\\"http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\\"><path d=\\\"M143 352.3L7 216.3c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l22.6-22.6c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l96.4 96.4 96.4-96.4c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l22.6 22.6c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-136 136c-9.2 9.4-24.4 9.4-33.8 0z\\\"><\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\" class=\\\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 256 512\\\" xmlns=\\\"http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\\"><path d=\\\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\\\"><\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/summary>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<div role=\\\"region\\\" aria-labelledby=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-5644\\\" class=\\\"elementor-element elementor-element-0d9ad48 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\\\" data-id=\\\"0d9ad48\\\" data-element_type=\\\"container\\\" data-settings=\\\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\\\">\\n\\t\\t[elementor-element k=\\\"43aca594a86d0bbe94de5159700c1e94\\\" data=\\\"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\\\"]\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/details>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<details id=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-5645\\\" class=\\\"e-n-accordion-item\\\" >\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<summary class=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-title\\\" data-accordion-index=\\\"6\\\" tabindex=\\\"-1\\\" aria-expanded=\\\"false\\\" aria-controls=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-5645\\\" >\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\\\"> 6.Can Kete provide options for service contracts or extended warranty periods? <\\\/div><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\\n\\t\\t\\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\" class=\\\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-down\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 320 512\\\" xmlns=\\\"http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\\"><path d=\\\"M143 352.3L7 216.3c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l22.6-22.6c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l96.4 96.4 96.4-96.4c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l22.6 22.6c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-136 136c-9.2 9.4-24.4 9.4-33.8 0z\\\"><\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\" class=\\\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 256 512\\\" xmlns=\\\"http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\\"><path d=\\\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\\\"><\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/summary>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<div role=\\\"region\\\" aria-labelledby=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-5645\\\" class=\\\"elementor-element elementor-element-fee700e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\\\" data-id=\\\"fee700e\\\" data-element_type=\\\"container\\\" data-settings=\\\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\\\">\\n\\t\\t[elementor-element k=\\\"43aca594a86d0bbe94de5159700c1e94\\\" data=\\\"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\\\"]\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/details>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t[elementor-element k=\\\"43aca594a86d0bbe94de5159700c1e94\\\" data=\\\"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\\\"]\\t\\t<div class=\\\"elementor-element elementor-element-400c4e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\\\" data-id=\\\"400c4e4\\\" data-element_type=\\\"widget\\\" data-settings=\\\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;all_collapsed&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;multiple&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\\\" data-widget_type=\\\"nested-accordion.default\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<div class=\\\"e-n-accordion\\\" aria-label=\\\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<details id=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-6710\\\" class=\\\"e-n-accordion-item\\\" >\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<summary class=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-title\\\" data-accordion-index=\\\"1\\\" tabindex=\\\"0\\\" aria-expanded=\\\"false\\\" aria-controls=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-6710\\\" >\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\\\"> 1.What is the manufacturing and delivery lead time for Kete oil-immersed transformers? <\\\/div><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\\n\\t\\t\\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\" class=\\\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-down\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 320 512\\\" xmlns=\\\"http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\\"><path d=\\\"M143 352.3L7 216.3c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l22.6-22.6c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l96.4 96.4 96.4-96.4c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l22.6 22.6c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-136 136c-9.2 9.4-24.4 9.4-33.8 0z\\\"><\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\" class=\\\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 256 512\\\" xmlns=\\\"http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\\"><path d=\\\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\\\"><\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/summary>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<div role=\\\"region\\\" aria-labelledby=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-6710\\\" class=\\\"elementor-element elementor-element-13a21e2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\\\" data-id=\\\"13a21e2\\\" data-element_type=\\\"container\\\" data-settings=\\\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\\\">\\n\\t\\t[elementor-element k=\\\"43aca594a86d0bbe94de5159700c1e94\\\" data=\\\"eyJpZCI6ImE5ZWRiMWYiLCJlbFR5cGUiOiJ3aWRnZXQiLCJzZXR0aW5ncyI6eyJlZGl0b3IiOiI8cD5HZW5lcmFsbHkgc3BlYWtpbmcsIGlmIHRoZSBjdXN0b21lciBwcm92aWRlcyBkZXRhaWxlZCBkZXNpZ24gZHJhd2luZ3MgYW5kIHNwZWNpZmljYXRpb24gcmVxdWlyZW1lbnRzLCB0cmFuc2Zvcm1lcnMgYmVsb3cgMjUwMEtWQSBjYW4gYmUgY29tcGxldGVkIHdpdGhpbiBhcHByb3hpbWF0ZWx5IDIwIGRheXM7IHRyYW5zZm9ybWVycyBhYm92ZSAyNTAwS1ZBIHVzdWFsbHkgdGFrZSBhYm91dCAzMCB0byA0MCBkYXlzLiBUaGUgc3BlY2lmaWMgbGVhZCB0aW1lIGRlcGVuZHMgb24gdGhlIGNvbXBsZXhpdHkgb2YgdGhlIHRyYW5zZm9ybWVyLjxcL3A+IiwiX3BhZGRpbmciOnsidW5pdCI6InB4IiwidG9wIjoiMjAiLCJyaWdodCI6IjAiLCJib3R0b20iOiIwIiwibGVmdCI6IjAiLCJpc0xpbmtlZCI6ZmFsc2V9LCJfX2dsb2JhbHNfXyI6eyJ0eXBvZ3JhcGh5X3R5cG9ncmFwaHkiOiJnbG9iYWxzXC90eXBvZ3JhcGh5P2lkPWQwNmY1MDcifX0sImVsZW1lbnRzIjpbXSwid2lkZ2V0VHlwZSI6InRleHQtZWRpdG9yIn0=\\\"]\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/details>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<details id=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-6711\\\" class=\\\"e-n-accordion-item\\\" >\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<summary class=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-title\\\" data-accordion-index=\\\"2\\\" tabindex=\\\"-1\\\" aria-expanded=\\\"false\\\" aria-controls=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-6711\\\" >\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\\\"> 2.What is the packaging for Kete oil-immersed amorphous alloy transformers? 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<\\\/div><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\\n\\t\\t\\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\" class=\\\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-down\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 320 512\\\" xmlns=\\\"http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\\"><path d=\\\"M143 352.3L7 216.3c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l22.6-22.6c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l96.4 96.4 96.4-96.4c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l22.6 22.6c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-136 136c-9.2 9.4-24.4 9.4-33.8 0z\\\"><\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\" class=\\\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 256 512\\\" xmlns=\\\"http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\\"><path d=\\\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\\\"><\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/summary>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<div role=\\\"region\\\" aria-labelledby=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-6712\\\" class=\\\"elementor-element elementor-element-febed70 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\\\" data-id=\\\"febed70\\\" data-element_type=\\\"container\\\" data-settings=\\\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\\\">\\n\\t\\t[elementor-element k=\\\"43aca594a86d0bbe94de5159700c1e94\\\" data=\\\"eyJpZCI6IjU3NzI2OGMiLCJlbFR5cGUiOiJ3aWRnZXQiLCJzZXR0aW5ncyI6eyJlZGl0b3IiOiI8cD5cdTI0NjBUXC9UIDMwJSBhcyBkZXBvc2l0LCBhbmQgNzAlIGJlZm9yZSBkZWxpdmVyeS48XC9wPjxwPlx1MjQ2MUxDIGF0IHNpZ2h0PFwvcD48cD5cdTI0NjJEUCBhdCBzaWdodDxcL3A+IiwiX3BhZGRpbmciOnsidW5pdCI6InB4IiwidG9wIjoiMjAiLCJyaWdodCI6IjAiLCJib3R0b20iOiIwIiwibGVmdCI6IjAiLCJpc0xpbmtlZCI6ZmFsc2V9LCJfX2dsb2JhbHNfXyI6eyJ0eXBvZ3JhcGh5X3R5cG9ncmFwaHkiOiJnbG9iYWxzXC90eXBvZ3JhcGh5P2lkPWQwNmY1MDcifX0sImVsZW1lbnRzIjpbXSwid2lkZ2V0VHlwZSI6InRleHQtZWRpdG9yIn0=\\\"]\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/details>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<details id=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-6713\\\" class=\\\"e-n-accordion-item\\\" >\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<summary class=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-title\\\" data-accordion-index=\\\"4\\\" tabindex=\\\"-1\\\" aria-expanded=\\\"false\\\" aria-controls=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-6713\\\" >\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\\\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\\\"> 4.What are the delivery terms for the bulk shipment of Kete transformers? 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on-load tap-changing transformer is a power transformer equipped with an on-load tap changer, which can adjust the tap positions under load conditions to maintain the stability of the output voltage. This transformer complies with the standards of GB1094 and GB\/T6451. Thanks to the upgrading of materials, processes, structures and other aspects, its electrical performance\u2026","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ketetransformer.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product\/2366","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ketetransformer.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ketetransformer.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/product"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.ketetransformer.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product\/2366\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ketetransformer.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5798"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ketetransformer.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2366"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"product_brand","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ketetransformer.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_brand?post=2366"},{"taxonomy":"product_cat","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ketetransformer.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_cat?post=2366"},{"taxonomy":"product_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ketetransformer.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_tag?post=2366"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}