{"id":5842,"date":"2025-11-04T06:13:12","date_gmt":"2025-11-04T06:13:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ketetransformer.com\/?p=5842"},"modified":"2025-11-04T06:19:14","modified_gmt":"2025-11-04T06:19:14","slug":"some-basic-knowledge-about-transformers-that-you-should-know","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ketetransformer.com\/fr\/some-basic-knowledge-about-transformers-that-you-should-know\/","title":{"rendered":"Quelques notions de base sur les transformateurs que vous devriez conna\u00eetre."},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"5842\" class=\"elementor elementor-5842\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-433bd68 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"433bd68\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48e4914 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48e4914\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Transformers are responsible for the efficient transmission and conversion of electrical energy, regulating voltage and minimizing power loss. Therefore, transformer design plays a critical role in ensuring system reliability and operational safety.<br data-start=\"296\" data-end=\"299\" \/>This article provides a comprehensive explanation of transformer fundamentals \u2014 including basic structure, classifications, functions, selection criteria, design procedures, and typical applications.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb27279 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"cb27279\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h4&quot;,&quot;h5&quot;,&quot;h6&quot;],&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No headings were found on this page.&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;numbers&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of Contents\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__cb27279\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"\u0641\u062a\u062d \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__cb27279\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"\u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__cb27279\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9736800 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9736800\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5 data-start=\"27\" data-end=\"110\"><strong data-start=\"27\" data-end=\"110\">1. What types of power transformers are there, and what are their main components?<\/strong><\/h5><p data-start=\"112\" data-end=\"445\">There are several types of power transformers, such as dry-type transformers, oil-immersed transformers, and pad-mounted distribution transformers.<br data-start=\"259\" data-end=\"262\" \/>Their main components typically include: the core, windings, insulation system, tank (for oil-immersed types), cooling system, tap changer, bushings, and other protective accessories.<\/p><h5 data-start=\"112\" data-end=\"445\">2.What Is Magnetizing Current (Excitation Current)?<\/h5><p data-start=\"127\" data-end=\"326\">Magnetizing current is the excitation current needed to build magnetic flux inside the core.<br data-start=\"318\" data-end=\"321\" \/>When a transformer is energized, a high inrush current may occur.<br data-start=\"386\" data-end=\"389\" \/>If the residual flux has the same polarity as the applied voltage, the total flux can exceed core saturation, causing a surge up to 6\u20138 times the rated current.<br data-start=\"549\" data-end=\"552\" \/>This transient current contains DC components and harmonics and decays over time, typically 5\u201310 seconds for large transformers and ~0.2 seconds for smaller units.<\/p><h5 data-start=\"127\" data-end=\"326\">3.Why should a new transformer or an overhauled transformer receive energization \u201cimpact tests\u201d before official commissioning? How many times should it be energized?<\/h5><p data-start=\"229\" data-end=\"429\">Before a new transformer (or a transformer returned from factory overhaul) is put into service, several energization impact tests are required to verify insulation strength and mechanical reliability.<\/p><p data-start=\"434\" data-end=\"1136\"><strong data-start=\"434\" data-end=\"515\">To verify insulation withstand against full-voltage or switching overvoltage.<\/strong><br data-start=\"515\" data-end=\"518\" \/>When an unloaded transformer is switched off, the interruption of a very small magnetizing current may occur before its current reaches zero. The resulting current chopping in the breaker can produce switching overvoltage.<br data-start=\"740\" data-end=\"743\" \/>In non-grounded transformers or transformers grounded through an arc suppression coil, switching overvoltage can reach <strong data-start=\"862\" data-end=\"879\">4.0\u20134.5 times<\/strong> the phase voltage.<br data-start=\"898\" data-end=\"901\" \/>For transformers whose neutral point is <strong data-start=\"941\" data-end=\"962\">directly grounded<\/strong>, switching overvoltage is typically <strong data-start=\"999\" data-end=\"1016\">below 3 times<\/strong> the phase voltage.<br data-start=\"1035\" data-end=\"1038\" \/>\u2192 This is why transformers requiring impact tests must have their neutral point directly grounded.<\/p><p data-start=\"1141\" data-end=\"1494\"><strong data-start=\"1141\" data-end=\"1201\">To verify mechanical strength under high inrush current.<\/strong><br data-start=\"1201\" data-end=\"1204\" \/>When an unloaded transformer is energized, an inrush current up to <strong data-start=\"1271\" data-end=\"1284\">6\u20138 times<\/strong> the rated current may occur. This surge produces significant electrodynamic force. Therefore, the impact test also confirms that the transformer\u2019s mechanical strength and protective relays will not misoperate.<\/p><p data-start=\"1496\" data-end=\"1533\"><strong data-start=\"1496\" data-end=\"1531\">Recommended impact test counts:<\/strong><\/p><p data-start=\"1536\" data-end=\"1581\"><strong data-start=\"1536\" data-end=\"1556\">New transformer:<\/strong> 5 energization impacts. <strong data-start=\"1584\" data-end=\"1611\">Overhauled transformer:<\/strong> 3 energization impacts<\/p><h5 data-start=\"1536\" data-end=\"1581\">4.What are the conditions for parallel operation of transformers?<\/h5><p data-start=\"95\" data-end=\"181\">Transformers can operate in parallel only when the following conditions are satisfied:<\/p><p data-start=\"185\" data-end=\"228\"><strong data-start=\"185\" data-end=\"226\">Identical turns ratio (voltage ratio)<\/strong><\/p><p data-start=\"231\" data-end=\"290\"><strong data-start=\"231\" data-end=\"288\">Equal short-circuit impedance (short-circuit voltage)<\/strong><\/p><p data-start=\"231\" data-end=\"290\"><strong data-start=\"293\" data-end=\"341\">Same vector group \/ winding connection group<\/strong><\/p><h5 data-start=\"231\" data-end=\"290\">5.What protection facilities are installed on a transformer body, and what are their main functions?<\/h5><p data-start=\"169\" data-end=\"229\">Typical protection facilities on a transformer body include:<\/p><ol data-start=\"231\" data-end=\"1375\"><li data-start=\"231\" data-end=\"628\"><p data-start=\"234\" data-end=\"628\"><strong data-start=\"234\" data-end=\"270\">Conservator (Oil Tank Extension)<\/strong><br data-start=\"270\" data-end=\"273\" \/>Its capacity is approximately <strong data-start=\"303\" data-end=\"312\">8\u201310%<\/strong> of the total transformer oil volume.<br data-start=\"349\" data-end=\"352\" \/>Function: to absorb oil volume change due to temperature variation, reduce direct contact between oil and air, prevent moisture ingress and slow down oil oxidation.<br data-start=\"516\" data-end=\"519\" \/>A <strong data-start=\"521\" data-end=\"544\">silica-gel breather<\/strong> is installed on the conservator to prevent humid air from entering the transformer.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"630\" data-end=\"1016\"><p data-start=\"633\" data-end=\"1016\"><strong data-start=\"633\" data-end=\"682\">Breather (Moisture Absorber) and Oil Purifier<\/strong><br data-start=\"682\" data-end=\"685\" \/>The breather contains desiccants such as silica gel activated alumina.<br data-start=\"755\" data-end=\"758\" \/>Color-changing silica gel is used (blue \u2192 red) as an indicator of saturation.<br data-start=\"835\" data-end=\"838\" \/>The oil purifier (filter) also contains desiccants to absorb moisture, acids, and oxidation products when oil passes through\u2014keeping the oil clean and extending its service life.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1018\" data-end=\"1375\"><p data-start=\"1021\" data-end=\"1375\"><strong data-start=\"1021\" data-end=\"1073\">Explosion-relief device \/ Pressure relief device<\/strong><br data-start=\"1073\" data-end=\"1076\" \/>Traditionally, an explosion-proof tube (safety vent) is mounted on the tank cover to release excessive internal pressure during internal faults.<br data-start=\"1220\" data-end=\"1223\" \/>Modern large transformers use <strong data-start=\"1253\" data-end=\"1279\">pressure relief valves<\/strong> instead.<br data-start=\"1288\" data-end=\"1291\" \/>When internal pressure rises, the valve operates and triggers alarm or trip signals.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><p data-start=\"1377\" data-end=\"1454\">Additionally, transformers are equipped with other safety devices, such as:<\/p><ul data-start=\"1455\" data-end=\"1546\"><li data-start=\"1455\" data-end=\"1485\"><p data-start=\"1457\" data-end=\"1485\">Buchholz relay (gas relay)<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1486\" data-end=\"1527\"><p data-start=\"1488\" data-end=\"1527\">Thermometers (temperature indicators)<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1528\" data-end=\"1546\"><p data-start=\"1530\" data-end=\"1546\">Oil level gauges<\/p><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9e38bbc elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"9e38bbc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ketetransformer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/\u5fae\u4fe1\u56fe\u7247_20250922100204_420_10-768x1024.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-5441\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ketetransformer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/\u5fae\u4fe1\u56fe\u7247_20250922100204_420_10-768x1024.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.ketetransformer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/\u5fae\u4fe1\u56fe\u7247_20250922100204_420_10-225x300.jpg 225w, 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Therefore, transformer design plays a critical role in ensuring system reliability and operational safety.<br data-start=\\\"296\\\" data-end=\\\"299\\\" \\\/>This article provides a comprehensive explanation of transformer fundamentals \\u2014 including basic structure, classifications, functions, selection criteria, design procedures, and typical applications.<\\\/p>\"},\"elements\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\"},{\"id\":\"cb27279\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"settings\":{\"title\":\"Table of Contents\",\"headings_by_tags\":[\"h4\",\"h5\",\"h6\"],\"exclude_headings_by_selector\":[],\"no_headings_message\":\"No headings were found on this page.\",\"header_typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"header_typography_font_family\":\"Arial\",\"header_typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":20,\"sizes\":[]},\"header_typography_font_weight\":\"600\",\"header_typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":2,\"sizes\":[]},\"header_typography_word_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":0,\"sizes\":[]}},\"elements\":[],\"widgetType\":\"table-of-contents\"},{\"id\":\"9736800\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"settings\":{\"editor\":\"<h5 data-start=\\\"27\\\" data-end=\\\"110\\\"><strong data-start=\\\"27\\\" data-end=\\\"110\\\">1. What types of power transformers are there, and what are their main components?<\\\/strong><\\\/h5><p data-start=\\\"112\\\" data-end=\\\"445\\\">There are several types of power transformers, such as dry-type transformers, oil-immersed transformers, and pad-mounted distribution transformers.<br data-start=\\\"259\\\" data-end=\\\"262\\\" \\\/>Their main components typically include: the core, windings, insulation system, tank (for oil-immersed types), cooling system, tap changer, bushings, and other protective accessories.<\\\/p><h5 data-start=\\\"112\\\" data-end=\\\"445\\\">2.What Is Magnetizing Current (Excitation Current)?<\\\/h5><p data-start=\\\"127\\\" data-end=\\\"326\\\">Magnetizing current is the excitation current needed to build magnetic flux inside the core.<br data-start=\\\"318\\\" data-end=\\\"321\\\" \\\/>When a transformer is energized, a high inrush current may occur.<br data-start=\\\"386\\\" data-end=\\\"389\\\" \\\/>If the residual flux has the same polarity as the applied voltage, the total flux can exceed core saturation, causing a surge up to 6\\u20138 times the rated current.<br data-start=\\\"549\\\" data-end=\\\"552\\\" \\\/>This transient current contains DC components and harmonics and decays over time, typically 5\\u201310 seconds for large transformers and ~0.2 seconds for smaller units.<\\\/p><h5 data-start=\\\"127\\\" data-end=\\\"326\\\">3.Why should a new transformer or an overhauled transformer receive energization \\u201cimpact tests\\u201d before official commissioning? How many times should it be energized?<\\\/h5><p data-start=\\\"229\\\" data-end=\\\"429\\\">Before a new transformer (or a transformer returned from factory overhaul) is put into service, several energization impact tests are required to verify insulation strength and mechanical reliability.<\\\/p><p data-start=\\\"434\\\" data-end=\\\"1136\\\"><strong data-start=\\\"434\\\" data-end=\\\"515\\\">To verify insulation withstand against full-voltage or switching overvoltage.<\\\/strong><br data-start=\\\"515\\\" data-end=\\\"518\\\" \\\/>When an unloaded transformer is switched off, the interruption of a very small magnetizing current may occur before its current reaches zero. The resulting current chopping in the breaker can produce switching overvoltage.<br data-start=\\\"740\\\" data-end=\\\"743\\\" \\\/>In non-grounded transformers or transformers grounded through an arc suppression coil, switching overvoltage can reach <strong data-start=\\\"862\\\" data-end=\\\"879\\\">4.0\\u20134.5 times<\\\/strong> the phase voltage.<br data-start=\\\"898\\\" data-end=\\\"901\\\" \\\/>For transformers whose neutral point is <strong data-start=\\\"941\\\" data-end=\\\"962\\\">directly grounded<\\\/strong>, switching overvoltage is typically <strong data-start=\\\"999\\\" data-end=\\\"1016\\\">below 3 times<\\\/strong> the phase voltage.<br data-start=\\\"1035\\\" data-end=\\\"1038\\\" \\\/>\\u2192 This is why transformers requiring impact tests must have their neutral point directly grounded.<\\\/p><p data-start=\\\"1141\\\" data-end=\\\"1494\\\"><strong data-start=\\\"1141\\\" data-end=\\\"1201\\\">To verify mechanical strength under high inrush current.<\\\/strong><br data-start=\\\"1201\\\" data-end=\\\"1204\\\" \\\/>When an unloaded transformer is energized, an inrush current up to <strong data-start=\\\"1271\\\" data-end=\\\"1284\\\">6\\u20138 times<\\\/strong> the rated current may occur. This surge produces significant electrodynamic force. Therefore, the impact test also confirms that the transformer\\u2019s mechanical strength and protective relays will not misoperate.<\\\/p><p data-start=\\\"1496\\\" data-end=\\\"1533\\\"><strong data-start=\\\"1496\\\" data-end=\\\"1531\\\">Recommended impact test counts:<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p data-start=\\\"1536\\\" data-end=\\\"1581\\\"><strong data-start=\\\"1536\\\" data-end=\\\"1556\\\">New transformer:<\\\/strong> 5 energization impacts. <strong data-start=\\\"1584\\\" data-end=\\\"1611\\\">Overhauled transformer:<\\\/strong> 3 energization impacts<\\\/p><h5 data-start=\\\"1536\\\" data-end=\\\"1581\\\">4.What are the conditions for parallel operation of transformers?<\\\/h5><p data-start=\\\"95\\\" data-end=\\\"181\\\">Transformers can operate in parallel only when the following conditions are satisfied:<\\\/p><p data-start=\\\"185\\\" data-end=\\\"228\\\"><strong data-start=\\\"185\\\" data-end=\\\"226\\\">Identical turns ratio (voltage ratio)<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p data-start=\\\"231\\\" data-end=\\\"290\\\"><strong data-start=\\\"231\\\" data-end=\\\"288\\\">Equal short-circuit impedance (short-circuit voltage)<\\\/strong><\\\/p><p data-start=\\\"231\\\" data-end=\\\"290\\\"><strong data-start=\\\"293\\\" data-end=\\\"341\\\">Same vector group \\\/ winding connection group<\\\/strong><\\\/p><h5 data-start=\\\"231\\\" data-end=\\\"290\\\">5.What protection facilities are installed on a transformer body, and what are their main functions?<\\\/h5><p data-start=\\\"169\\\" data-end=\\\"229\\\">Typical protection facilities on a transformer body include:<\\\/p><ol data-start=\\\"231\\\" data-end=\\\"1375\\\"><li data-start=\\\"231\\\" data-end=\\\"628\\\"><p data-start=\\\"234\\\" data-end=\\\"628\\\"><strong data-start=\\\"234\\\" data-end=\\\"270\\\">Conservator (Oil Tank Extension)<\\\/strong><br data-start=\\\"270\\\" data-end=\\\"273\\\" \\\/>Its capacity is approximately <strong data-start=\\\"303\\\" data-end=\\\"312\\\">8\\u201310%<\\\/strong> of the total transformer oil volume.<br data-start=\\\"349\\\" data-end=\\\"352\\\" \\\/>Function: to absorb oil volume change due to temperature variation, reduce direct contact between oil and air, prevent moisture ingress and slow down oil oxidation.<br data-start=\\\"516\\\" data-end=\\\"519\\\" \\\/>A <strong data-start=\\\"521\\\" data-end=\\\"544\\\">silica-gel breather<\\\/strong> is installed on the conservator to prevent humid air from entering the transformer.<\\\/p><\\\/li><li data-start=\\\"630\\\" data-end=\\\"1016\\\"><p data-start=\\\"633\\\" data-end=\\\"1016\\\"><strong data-start=\\\"633\\\" data-end=\\\"682\\\">Breather (Moisture Absorber) and Oil Purifier<\\\/strong><br data-start=\\\"682\\\" data-end=\\\"685\\\" \\\/>The breather contains desiccants such as silica gel activated alumina.<br data-start=\\\"755\\\" data-end=\\\"758\\\" \\\/>Color-changing silica gel is used (blue \\u2192 red) as an indicator of saturation.<br data-start=\\\"835\\\" data-end=\\\"838\\\" \\\/>The oil purifier (filter) also contains desiccants to absorb moisture, acids, and oxidation products when oil passes through\\u2014keeping the oil clean and extending its service life.<\\\/p><\\\/li><li data-start=\\\"1018\\\" data-end=\\\"1375\\\"><p data-start=\\\"1021\\\" data-end=\\\"1375\\\"><strong data-start=\\\"1021\\\" data-end=\\\"1073\\\">Explosion-relief device \\\/ Pressure relief device<\\\/strong><br data-start=\\\"1073\\\" data-end=\\\"1076\\\" \\\/>Traditionally, an explosion-proof tube (safety vent) is mounted on the tank cover to release excessive internal pressure during internal faults.<br data-start=\\\"1220\\\" data-end=\\\"1223\\\" \\\/>Modern large transformers use <strong data-start=\\\"1253\\\" data-end=\\\"1279\\\">pressure relief valves<\\\/strong> instead.<br data-start=\\\"1288\\\" data-end=\\\"1291\\\" \\\/>When internal pressure rises, the valve operates and triggers alarm or trip signals.<\\\/p><\\\/li><\\\/ol><p data-start=\\\"1377\\\" data-end=\\\"1454\\\">Additionally, transformers are equipped with other safety devices, such as:<\\\/p><ul data-start=\\\"1455\\\" data-end=\\\"1546\\\"><li data-start=\\\"1455\\\" data-end=\\\"1485\\\"><p data-start=\\\"1457\\\" data-end=\\\"1485\\\">Buchholz relay (gas relay)<\\\/p><\\\/li><li data-start=\\\"1486\\\" data-end=\\\"1527\\\"><p data-start=\\\"1488\\\" data-end=\\\"1527\\\">Thermometers (temperature indicators)<\\\/p><\\\/li><li data-start=\\\"1528\\\" data-end=\\\"1546\\\"><p data-start=\\\"1530\\\" data-end=\\\"1546\\\">Oil level 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